per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2006-03 12 1 8 13 article ajals2@gmail.com 1 2 Background & Aim: Among the work-rated musculoskeletal disorders, those of upper limbs cover the most. This is caused because of tenderness and vulnerability of these limbs compared with lower limbs from one hand, and more involvement of these limbs to the activities from the other. As a consequence the limbs are more exposed to dagerous factors causing musculoskeletal disorders, thus more likely to be affected by musculoskeletal disorders. One of the methods to analyse the dangerous factors causing upper limbs musculuskeletal disorders is occupational repetitive actions (OCRA). The method is a job analysing tool which is applied to perform a total and effective estimation toward various risky factors affecting upper limbs (ie. shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands and fingers). The present study is carried out in an attempt to surveying and ergonomic analysing the work done postures of tailors, shoe makers, saddlery and carpet makers in the some present workshops of Tehran province prisons by OCRA Index method. Materials & Methods: This study is of analytic – descriptive type which is done on a sectional basis (cross – sectional). The target population were chosen as 496 prisoners to carry out NORDIC questionnaire method and also OCRA Index. In questionnaire method four job as tailoring (203 prisoners), shoe making (211 prisoners), saddlery (67 prisoners) and carpet making (15 prisoners) were analysed and in OCRA method, 17 job/tasks as tailoring (7tasks), shoe making (5tasks), saddlery (4tasks) and carpet making (1 task) were analyzed for right hand and also 17 job/tasks for left hand. Results: The results of this study that acquired by x 2 test, Mc Nemar test,Kruskal-Wallis test and independent t-test , as follows unequality in ratio of musculuskeletal disorders of upper limbs in the four mentioned jobs (P Value = 0.003) , unequality of means of OCRA index between the above four jobs(P Value < 0.001), present a singnificant relationship between level of OCRA index and the kind of job, were proved. (P Value < 0.001). Conclusion: The highest OCRA index numbers were achieved for the Carpet making task and Overall, Carpet making was assessed as the most dangerous job and Shoe making, Tailoring and Saddlery came in next grades of risk, respectively (P Value< 0.001). http://sjfm.ir/article-1-133-en.pdf Ergonomical Assessment Musculuskeletal Disorders Upper Limbs OCRA Index NORDIC questionnaire per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2006-03 12 1 14 24 article kkhalagi@yahoo.com 1 2 3 4 Background: Sever injuries, disabilities and deaths from road traffic accidents have unpleasant results on individual, familial and social levels. According to lack of basic information about risk factor of seventy of road traffic injury, this study conducted to examine and quantify the association between potential risk factors and injury severity in injured drivers of road traffic accidents. Materials & Methods: Study was conducted on the 175 drivers with newly road traffic injuries (those need medical or surgical services) in Qazvin-loshan road from 28 Mar to 22 Jul 2005. Association between 16 risk factor and injury severity (NISS score) was assessed. Data obtained from interview with drivers, hospital records and police reports and was analyzed with two approaches: bivariate analysis (crude) and multiple linear regression. Results:In data processing (bivariant analysis)ejection from vehicle, severity of collision, trapped in vehicle, number of crash, fall down to valley, overturning, deviation from road, length of time to assist, left side versus rear-end accident and age of driver were associated to collision severity. In multivariate analysis one unite rise in collision severity index, trapped in vehich and ejection multiply NISS score by 4.14, 1.53 and 1.482 respectively. Trapped in automobile, ejection from vehicle, left side Vs. rear-end collision and an unit increasing in severity of collision index and age of driver increase NISS value multiplicatively by 1.531 (1.188 – 1.972), 1.482 (1.164 – 1.892), 1.585 (1.076-2.333) , 4.14 (2.589 – 6.637) and 1.009 (1-1.016) respectively in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: To reduce severity of injuries in road traffic accidents, strategies must target severity of collision by speed controlling, helmet and seat belt using and improving assistance to injured drivers. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-134-en.pdf Road traffic accident - Injury severity – Risk factors per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2006-03 12 1 25 29 article y.semnani@sbmu.ac.ir 1 2 3 Background & Aim: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been the most studied personality disorder. Some researches have examined the relationship between BPD and most axis I diagnostic classes such as mood disorders, substance related disorders and anxiety disorders. The present study was conducted to determine the differences between BPD with and without OCD, BPD with and without self-mutilation. Methods & Materials: This study is a descriptive – analytic study. A clinical interview was carried out with all patients referred to Imam Hossain hospital with BPD diagnosis and those in whom BPD diagnosis was established on the basis of DSM-IV criteria. Data about sex, education, marital status, job, self –mutilation, suicidal attempt and substance abuse were gathered by a form. Results: Totally 205 BPD patients were evaluated (62.4 % female Vs 37.6 % male). This study showed that the frequency of OCD in BPD is more than that in general population (45.29% Vs 2-3%). There was statistically significant difference between BPD with and without OCD in terms of sex, age, history of self-mutilation and suicidal attempts and also no significant difference between BPD with and without self-mutilation in relation with substance abuse and suicidal attempts. Conclusion: OCD comorbidity with BPD especially in self-mutilated patients can help clinicians to better understand the psychopathology of BPD and prescribe appropriate medications (e.g. SSRI). http://sjfm.ir/article-1-135-en.pdf Borderline Personality Disorder Obsessive Compulsive disorder Self-Mutilation per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2006-03 12 1 30 34 article sharum33@yahoo.com 1 2 Background & Aim: Trauma is the leading cause of death in patients has 3-44 of years olds. According to the report of the International Labor Organization (ILO), 1.1 million work-related deaths occur every year. Severity and prevalence of work related hazards are more obvious in developing countries. We conducted the study for better understanding of work-related mortality in Tehran. Materials & Methods: During one year of study, 184 deaths due to work-related injuries reported to Tehran Legal Medicine Organization (TLMO), the only center for referral of trauma deaths in Tehran. Results: All of victims were males. Construction workers account for 38% of all reported deaths. The most common cause of injury was falling down (31%), Impact of Blunt object and burn with 27.2% and 13.6%, respectively. Head injury was the main cause of death with 28/8% and multiple injuries consisted second cause with 19% prevalency. Conclusion: According to the results of this study Construction and industrial worker are the main group of preventional policy from work related injury. A majority of work related injury and mortality are preventable. So prevention program like usage of physical protective equipment, educational program for safety training, supervision over work place could be effective to reduce work related mortality and morbidity. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-136-en.pdf per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2006-03 12 1 35 39 article Gharehdaghi_Jaber@yahoo.com 1 2 3 4 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-138-en.pdf per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2006-03 12 1 40 45 article morovvati@bmsu.ac.ir 1 2 3 Background & Aim: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has several features, which makes it useful for personal identification especially when there isn’t enough nuclear DNA. The high copy, resistance to degradation, and short size are some of them. mtDNA has a zone that is called hypervariable region (HVR) and is divided in two regions: HV1 and HV2. Materials & Methods: 10 unrelated families in 3 sequential maternal generations (grandmother, mother, and grandchild) were selected randomly. Blood samples were taken and mtDNA extracted. Then HV2 sequence analysis was determined. Results: 49 polymorphic nucleotide positions were found in this region. The sequence of HV2 and the occurred polymorphisms were similar in each family except 5 sites of heteroplasmy. The average number of nucleotide differences between families was 2.8 nucleotides. Conclusion: mtDNA sequence analysis of the hypervariable regions is an effective tool for personal identification, especially for old, small, and highly degraded samples. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-139-en.pdf Mitochondrial DNA Hypervariable Region 2 (HV2) Polymorphism Identification per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2006-03 12 1 46 49 article faezehzahra20@ yahoo.com 1 2 3 4 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-137-en.pdf