per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2015-12 21 3 157 166 article somayeh Rahimi Ahmadabadi somaye.rahimi1390@yahoo.com 1 Aria Hejazi 2 Hamid Attaran 3 Hamidreza Aghamohammadian Sharbaf 4 Hosein Karashki 5 Laleh Kohestani 6 Abstract Background: Today, due to increased infertility in couples and a lack of guardianship of orphan children, much attention has been drawn on adoption. This study aimed to compare mental health and parenting practices in infertile couples seeking adoption by childless couples and test the following hypotheses: The parental style (aggressive, authoritarian, permissive) adoption by infertile couples seeking couples without children there is a significant difference.The indicators of mental health (physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, depression) adoption by infertile couples seeking couples without children there is a significant difference. Methods: The study design is descriptive. The study population included all couples applying for adoption in 2013, which have been referred to Legal Medicine Center of Khorasan-e-razavi. 51 couples to the research criteria were selected by convenience sampling method and completed a questionnaire on mental health and parenting practices. The questionnaire was administered to the control group. Data by SPSS version19 nineteenth and using independent t-test and covariance (Mankova) were analyzed. Findings: Between the study and control group in terms of mental health and parenting practices, there are significant differences (p<0.05). So that somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression in couples seeking couples without children were more children and authoritarian parenting style and child applicant couples were less conclusive and permissive parenting style involves a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Results showed that there are significant differences in mental health and parenting practices with children, couples seeking couples without children. To justify this conclusion, we can say that the stress of infertility and lack of adequate training in parenting can lead to mental health issues, psychological interventions to be appropriate, therefore, parenting skills training for groups can be scheduled by the relevant authorities. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-721-en.pdf Parenting Practices Mental Health Infertile Couples Applying for Adoption Couples without Children. per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2015-12 21 3 167 177 article Farzane Mahdiyanfar 1 Seyed Ali Kimiaei kimiaee@um.ac.ir 2 Bahram Ali Ghanbari Hashem Abadi 3 Abstract Background: the purpose of the present study is to examine the effectiveness of psycho-social empowerment based on choice theory on reducing depression and aggression of women with husbands in prison.   Methods: The present research is a quasi- experimental with pre-test and post-test method with control group. The statistical population consists of women with their husbands in prison who suffer from depression and conferred to the base of social health of Astanmehr Mashhad. 20 patients had been selected by available sampling and replaced in two groups of experimental and Control. For collecting the required data، the Beck Depression and Buss and Perry Aggression questionnaires have been used. At the beginning of the treatment they answered to the questionnaires and after 8 sessions of individual participation، psycho-social empowerment based on the choice theory (the approach of the reality of the treatment) the scales had been completed again for experimental group. Findings: The results showed that the based on choice theory Psycho- Social empowerment could reduce the level of depression (F (2;17) =16/1, P;lsaquo. /.5) ، general aggression and physical aggression of experimental group in comparison with control group (T (18) = -2/87, P;lsaquo0/05). Furthermore, the results demonstrate that treatment had a significant effect in reducing physical aggression of individuals (T (18) = -2/532, P;lsaquo0/05). Conclusions: Based on choice theory psycho- social empowerment could reduce their depression and aggression by encouraging people to choose more effective and take more responsibility. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-722-en.pdf Empowerment Choice Theory Depression Aggression per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2015-12 21 3 179 188 article Mitra Safa 1 Ghafar Ali Mahmoudi mahmoudi.gh@lums.ac.ir 2 Katayoon Najafizadeh 3 Fatemeh Ghassem Boroujerdi 4 Hamid Reza Khoddami Vishteh 5 Background: Psychiatric disorders in transplant candidate patients may decrease quality of life of patients and affect the treatment adherence of patients and also post-transplant surgery outcomes. Thus, it is important that transplant candidate patients do not have considerable mood or mental and behavioral disease or they have been under treatment for it, if they had one. Since, there is no study about psychiatric disorders in transplant candidate patients in Masih Daneshvari hospital, current study was done for evaluation of the psychological factors of heart and lung transplant candidate patients in Masih Daneshvari Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional-analytical study was conducted in 2012 on 48 patients who were in lung or heart transplant waiting list. Each patient entered to the project after clinical interview and definite diagnosis. Then the mental status of each patient evaluated by psychiatrist according to DSM –IV TR criteria and after informed consent of him or her for cooperation and assurance about confidentiality of information, questionnaires were completed from patients in calm and without stress environment by interviewers. Questionnaires included two parts of demographic information and SCL-90. After collecting questionnaires, data was entered to SPSS-16 computer program and analysis was done. Findings:  18 patients (38%) were female and 30 (62%) were male. The mean age of patients was 41 ± 13 years. 34 (70%) were married and 19 (40%) were living in Tehran. 21 (49%) were smoker and 8 (19%) used narcotics.  In this project the highest scores of psychological disorders were related to hypochondriasis (0.85) and depression (0.78) and lowest score was related to paranoid and reference (0.46). The relation of depression with hypochondriasis, obsession, anxiety and phobia were significant (P. V=0/004),   (P.V=0/000), (P. V= 0/000), (P. V= 0/076). The relation of anxiety with hypochondriasis, obsession, depression and paranoid and reference was significant (P. V= 0/000), (P. V= 0/000), (P. V=0/000), (P. V=0/000). The relation of hypochondriasis with phobia was significant (P. V= 0/007) and the relation of obsession with paranoid and reference was significant (P. V= 0/000). Those who were prominently depressed had highest consumption of narcotics and those who had high scores in interpersonal relationship sensitivity, anxiety and aggression suffered from substance abuse problems less than others. Among smokers, depression and hypochondriasis were most observable disorders and aggression was least observable disorder.     Conclusion: Findings of this study in accordance with results of other studies showed that transplant candidate patients suffer from psychological disorders including depression, anxiety, somatization, obsession- compulsion, interpersonal relationship sensitivity, aggression, phobia, paranoia and reference. It is necessary that evaluation and diagnosis of acute and chronic mental disorders of transplanted patients and also transplant candidate patients considered to be the routine treatment schedules of these patients by consultation with psychiatrist. It is important especially regarding to findings from patients who also had substance abuse (tobacco and other substances) problems. Psychological problems result in poor outcomes of the treatment, increased length of hospitalization, increased stress and reduced quality of life. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-723-en.pdf Psychological Disorders Lung &amp Heart Transplant Candidate Patients per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2015-12 21 3 189 197 article Ali NajafiHossein Abrandabadi 1 Fatah Jafarizadeh Fattah.jafari@yahoo.com 2 Esmaeeil Haditabar 3 Ali Hossein Najafi Abrandabadi *- Fatah Jafarizadeh**;dagger- Esmaeeil Haditabar*** *PhD in Criminal Law & Criminology, Professor of Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Law & Political Sciences **PhD Candidate in Criminal Law & Criminology, Mazandaran University, Member of Legal Medicine Research Center , Tehran,Iran *** PhD in Criminal Law & Criminology, Assistant Professor of Mazandaran University, Faculty of Law & Political Sciences,Babolsar,Iran Abstract Background: One of the most ancient and harshest crimes against human being that cause insecurity in society is murder. Most legal systems of the criminal code have been criminalized this behavior. Prevention and control of this murder is one of the goals and duties of governments that are usually considered on criminal policy. Since murder, is a human crime against human being, so many factors such as: demographic, social, environmental, and cognitive can have an impact on it .The purpose of this study is determine the murder frequency and motives and related factors in the Fars province during April 2002 until the end of March 2012, based on the demographic data of victims. Methods: In this cross-sectional study demographic information of victims who have been killed during April 2002 until the end of March 2012 in Fars province, was collected. Then by interview with family of victims the related questionnaires have been filled. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed through Spss19 software by t & ;chi 2 tests. Error hypothesis test (;alpha = 5%) were considered. Findings: The number of victims was 2190 cases. 1832 cases (84%) males and 358 (16%) were females. The results show that the average age of victims and standard deviation were 32.66±15.58 years & the greatest & least frequencies of victims were in 20-29 years old and 60-69 years old respectively. The most people1050 (47.9%) were married and most causes for killing (That was expressed by parents) 473 (34%) cases was abnormalities of the alcohol and drugs. 1303 people (59/2%) had died at the scene and 302 (13/8%) during transport to medical centers and 475 patients (22%) had died in therapy centers. There was no significant relationship between means age in men ;women (p-value=.120). Conclusion: The study showed that most of the victims were male, young and middle-aged murdered. So the task of the criminal policy of special attention should be paid to these individuals. As regards, the causes of many deaths were dispute after consumption of alcohol and drugs. So authorities should monitor and more control over the production, distribution and consumption of these substances among young people. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-724-en.pdf Homicide Motivation Crime Fars prevention per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2015-12 21 3 199 205 article Masoud Pourhossein 1 Seyyed Mohsen Mir Mohammdi Mohsen_mir_45@yahoo 2 Ahad Alizadeh 3 Background: Suicide is one of the top ten causes of death in the world. The aim of this study is evaluation of demography and successful methods of suicidal death referred to Sari Legal Medicine Center  during 2009 and 2010. Methods: This study is cross - sectional and retrospective. Demographic data including age group, sex, place of suicide, employment, education, marital status, and so on are extracted from legal medicine files and analyses by SPSS version 18. Findings: Among 1537 corpses referred to Sari legal medicine center during 2009 and 2010, the manner of death in 146 cases was suicide. Among suicidal death 59/6% were female, 63.9% were married, 85/1%  were under diploma, 53.1% were housewives and place of suicide in 92.5% was at home. 14.3% had a history of psychiatric disorders. This study showed that the routes of successful suicide were by hanging in 12.3%, self burning in 58.2%, drug poisoning in 2.7%. Herbicide and oregano phosphate pesticide poisoning in 5.5% and aluminum phosphate poisoning in 19.9%. The most common route of successful suicide was self burning in female sex (78/2%) and drug and pesticide poisoning in male sex (43/2%). Motive of suicide in 47.9% (70 cases) was unknown, in 28.7% (42 cases) family conflict, 13.7 %( 20 cases) psychiatric disorders, 8.2% (10 cases) addiction and in 2.8% (4 case) was unemployment. On the basis statistical evaluation P value of sex and motive was 0/018 Conclusion: this study showed suicide deaths, influence by some parameters such as sex, age, education, social and geographical causes.  Also self burning in young married females is prevalent.  Study about cause and routes of suicide, especially, in young female and universal records of data about suicide behaviors for determination of preventive measures appears to be necessary http://sjfm.ir/article-1-725-en.pdf Suicide Burning Mazandaran per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2015-12 21 3 207 213 article Reza Hosseini Doust 1 Maryam Akhgari akhgari1349@yahoo.com 2 Hanie Ketabi 3 Reza Hosseini  Doust*-Maryam Akhgari**;dagger, Hanie Ketabi*** *MD, Microbiology Department, Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Sciences (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran **MD,Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran ***MSc Student, Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Sciences (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran Abstract Background: Bacterial infections are a common risk associated with illicit drug using. Infectious diseases such as endocarditis, osteoarthritis and bacteraemia are common among injecting drug abusers. Bacillus species are among the most important bacterial species. Two Bacillus species, Bacillus anthraces (causes anthrax) and bacillus cereus (causes food borne illness) are categorized to be important in medicine. Therefore it is necessary to survey illicit drugs for the presence of bacteria. The objective of the present study was to identify bacillus species in illicit drugs. Methods: Twenty four samples of illicit drugs, including heroin, opium, amphetamine and methamphetamine were collected randomly from Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran. Standard culture, biochemical and bacteriological methods were used for isolation, characterization and determination of bacillus species. Findings: All of the samples showed positive results for cultural and confirmatory bacteriological tests. All of the samples were contaminated with bacillus species. Conclusion: Considering illicit drugs are produced and distributed in unsterile and unhygienic conditions, therefore, more experimental analysis also informing the medical society and would be beneficial for educating victims of abuse and their family. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-726-en.pdf Heroin Amphetamine Methamphetamine Opium Bacillus Microbial Contamination per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2015-12 21 3 215 226 article Nazila Taghavi Taqavi.nazila@gmail.com 1 Seyed Mohammad Asadi Nejad 2 Reza Omani Samani 3 Ebadolah Rostami 4   Fertility preservation (FP) is to cryopreserve embryo gametes or reproductive tissue for people on the risk of fertility deterioration. It can be divided into medical and social. Medical FP refers mostly to the chemotherapy or radiotherapy which can destroy reproductive tissue. Social FP refers mostly to the women in advanced age whose fertility can be compromised leading to menopause. Our aim was to discuss the ethical and legal issues of FP. This study has been done by using documentary- library. Information was collected from legal and ethical books and papers, Persian and English papers, declarations about the subject, data bases. In addition legal analyses have also been done in legal aspect issue. As FP is a new issue, its permission depends on non-existence of ethical and legal prohibition. We should say that there is no prohibition on this matter according to ethics and law. There are some ethical arguments against FP, such as potential threat for child, biological boundaries, and preventing harm prior to every action. Of course all of them have been answered. There are some legal arguments such as, principle of permissibility, reproductive right and prevention from chromosomal problems for permission of this act. Finally it seems that FP lacks ethical or legal problem. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-727-en.pdf Fertility Preservation Cryopreservation Embryo Ethical Legal Cancer. per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2015-12 21 3 227 234 article Aisa Rassoli 1 Naser Fatouraee Nasser@aut.ac.ir 2 Mohammad Shafigh 3 Hamidreza Daneshparvar 4 Background: The mechanical properties of the ureter altered by different diseases. So having the properties of the healthy ureter to detect tissue abnormalities is necessary.Wall tension alterations of the ureter can occur, leading to some abnormalities such as reflex mechanisms. Numerical analysis of urine flow in the ureter can help advance our understanding of the reflux phenomenon. Methods: To that end, a constitutive model that can predict the mechanical response of ureteral tissue under complex mechanical loading is required.Therefore, in this study the twenty-six human ureter samples were taken and uniaxial and biaxial tension tests were performed by loading in longitudinal and circumferential directions. Findings: Then the stress-strain curves achieved from the uniaxial tests were modeled with a mathematical function and the Young modulus was obtained. The biaxial stress-stretch curve was plotted and fitted to a hyperelastic four-parameter Choi-Vito type model. Conclusion: The specimens showed some degree of anisotropy. The specimens were stiffer in the longitudinal than in the circumferential direction. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-728-en.pdf Anisotropic Behavior Non-Isotropic Tissue Reflux Choi-Vito Model Peristaltic flow Biaxial stretch per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2015-12 21 3 235 242 article Hadi Rostami 1 Abdorrazagh Barzegar Bafrouee 2 Ali Asghar Ghorbani Dr.aaghorbani@yahoo.com 3 One of the most challenging troubles for many of working groups, especially medicine personnel is sentence that asserts in article 616. The most important criminal outcome of the murder due to fault that essentially is called the quasi-intentional murder is imprisonment mentioned in above Article.According this article, if the fault of a person causes the death of another person, one of the punishments is prison that has listed at the top of the article. Involuntary manslaughter due to fault of guilty has from one to three years imprisonment. In other words legislature has considered from one to three years imprisonment for killing due to fault of guilty. In the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1991, According to article 22, If there are ways to mitigate, Judges were empowered/allowed to relieve penalties or convert to another punishments and in a great number of cases prison sentences were converted into fines. But according to fundamental reforms in the latest Islamic Penal Code (2013), especially regulations of convert and discount that were based on grading system, It seems sentence of Article 616, can not easily be converted into fines. Despite the changes were done and facing obstacles, there are still some strategies for overcoming the recent challenges. In this paper, we have studied legal ways of conversion, reduction or suspension of sentence under Article 616. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-729-en.pdf Involuntary Manslaughter quasi-intentional murder Fault/Failure Reduced sentence Suspense Alternative Sentences