per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2019-03 24 4 1 7 article Mohammadreza Eskandarion 1 Jamil Kheirvari Khezerloo 2 Shaghayegh Hemmatian 3 Mohsen Tabasi 4 Raheb Ghorbani ghorbani.raheb93@gmail.com 5 Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Young Researchers & Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Information Technology Department, Engineering Faculty, Mahdishar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Scinces, Semanan, Iran Aims: With the development of bodybuilding in Iran, abusing anabolic steroids has been a big problem. Also, the common and irreversible complications of these drugs for the athletes themselves are an important and controversial issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anabolic steroids and the awareness of male bodybuilder athletes and their coaches about the side effects of these drugs in Shahrud. Instruments and Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, conducted in 2012, 200 bodybuilding athletes from Shahrud were selected by random cluster sampling from 12 different gyms. A questionnaire containing demographic data, drug use status, and athletes' awareness of the complications of drugs were completed. The data were analyzed by SPSS software 18, using Chi-square test. Findings: 59.5% of the athletes used anabolic steroid, the most common of which was Nandrolone (41.5%), Testosterone (39.5%), and Prohormone (39%). 68.0% of the athletes were married. The use of dianabol, suestanol and oxymetholone tablets in married athletes was significantly higher than single ones (p<0.05). 86.2% of champion athletes had the history of using anabolic steroids. 33.6% of the athletes did not know the complications of these drugs. Conclusion: 59.5% of the male athletes in Shahrud use anabolic steroids, the most common of which is Nandrolone. High consumption and low awareness of the side effects of these drugs and the easy access of athletes to these drugs show the necessity of informing athletes and coaches about the complications of anabolic steroids and the formulation of prevention programs. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-997-en.pdf Awareness Prevalence Anabolic Steroids Bodybuilding Athletes per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2019-03 24 4 9 15 article Fariba Zare 1 hossein ansari ansarih88@gmail.com 2 Mahdi Mohammadi 3 Hamideh Takiyeh 4 “Health Promotion Research Center” and “Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Health Faculty”, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran “Health Promotion Research Center” and “Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Health Faculty”, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran “Health Promotion Research Center” and “Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Health Faculty”, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran “Health Promotion Research Center” and “Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Health Faculty”, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Aims: Intentional and unintentional injuries are known as a significant health problem, worldwide, and the leading causes of death, so that, about 5 million people die from violence and injuries annually, and thousands of injured, disabled, and disadvantaged people die for every person who dies. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological findings of intentional and unintentional injuries recorded in forensic medicine in Zahedan. Instruments and Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive study, 1400 cases were selected systematically from the cases of accidents and incidents reported to the forensic medicine during 2008-2016. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square, using Stata.14 software. Findings: 59.7% (836 cases) of injuries were due to unintentional injuries and 40.3% (564 cases) of injuries were due to intentional injuries, and also the most injuries were related to accidents and the struggles, followed by burns. The age group of 15-29 years old and later 30-44 years old had the highest frequency of intentional and unintentional injuries among other age groups. The frequency of burn in women was higher than that of men, but the frequency of other injuries in men was higher than that of women. Conclusion: The most commonly reported injuries to the forensic medicine in Zahedan during the years 2008-2016 are accidents and struggle that occur in most cases at a young age. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-946-en.pdf Injuries Epidemiology Forensic Medicine per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2019-03 24 4 17 22 article Paria Jangi 1 Nahid Ramak 2 Alireza Sangani sangany.psycho@gmail.com 3 Educational Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Psychology Department, Psychology Faculty, Bandargaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandargaz, Iran Psychology and Exceptional Children Education Department, Psychology Faculty, Science & Research Branch of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Aims: The cognitive, emotional, and behavioral-related problems associated with addiction to narcotics in the dependence situation and even treatment is different, depending on the type of narcotics; therefore, the aim of this study was to compare self-destructive behaviors, irrational beliefs, and emotional distress tolerance in two male groups of recovering from addiction to narcotics and stimulants. Instruments and Methods: The research method was descriptive comparative or post-event. The statistical population included all recovered drug addicts in 8 residential centers of Gorgan in spring 2017, 40 of whom were recovering from addiction to the opioid, and 40 patients were recovering from addition to the stimulants. These persons were selected by two-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection instruments were Jones' Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT), Emotional Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multivariate variance analysis, using SPSS 24 software. Findings: There was a significant difference among the need for receiving confirmation from others, the tendency to blame, emotional irresponsibility, high concern with anxiety, avoidance of the problem and dependence on the variables of irrational beliefs and subscales of tolerance and absorption to the negative emotions in the emotional distress tolerance, and self-destructive behaviors in the two groups of men recovering from the opioid and stimulant with 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). Conclusion: Self-destructive behaviors, irrational beliefs, and emotional distress tolerance are in a better position in the men recovering from opioid compared with the men recovering from stimulants. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-947-en.pdf Self-destructive behaviors Irrational beliefs Emotional distress tolerance Addiction per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2019-03 24 4 23 29 article O Garkaz 1 Sh Salari Lak salari@iaut.ac.ir 2 H.R Mehryar 3 H.R Khalkhali 4 Epidemiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Public Health Department, Medical Sciences Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran Emergency Medicine Department, Medicine Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Epidemiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Aims: One of the most common events is traffic accidents. Road accidents are the second death cause and age loss in the country. The aim of this study was to determine the survival rate of traffic accident victims and assessing the quality of hospital care in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia by using TRISS method. Instruments and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 760 accident victims hospitalized to Imam Khomeini Hospital of Urmia in 2017; they were selected purposefully. Respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and the severity of injuries of the patient were collected based on the relevant expert report, and using the TRISS software, the probability of survival for patients were calculated. Z and W static were used to compare survival probability. Findings: The number of male injured individuals were 562 (73.9%) and female were 198 (26.1%). 74 (9.7%) injured individuals were between 0 and 14 years old, 437 (57.5%) individuals were between 15 and 54 years old, and 249 (32.7%) individuals were over 54 years old. The mean of RTS was 7.67±0.55 and 6.00±1.57 for the survived and non-survived individuals, respectively. The mean of the ISS was 21.62±17.63 and 56.32±25.02 for the survived and non-survived individuals, respectively. Also, the expected death was 60, and the observed death was 69. Conclusion: The number of observed deaths is more than the expected ones, indicating the low quality of hospital care. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-978-en.pdf Traffic Accident Quality of Care Hospital Iran per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2019-03 24 4 31 36 article E. Asadipour 1 S. Behzadipour 2 M. Zarenezhad Zarenezhad@hotmail.com 3 Psychology Department, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Psychology Department, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Iranian Legal Medicine Research Center, Tehran, Iran Aims: Gender identity disorder is one of the most important psychiatric disorders. Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS), despite having high social and psychological pressure, heals many problems of these people. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing suicidal tendency in male operated and non-operated patients suffering from gender dysphoria in Fars province between the 2011 and 2013. Instruments and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in Fars province during 2012 to 2013 on 70 patients with gender dysphoria, dividing into 35 operated male to female patients and 35 non-operated male to female patients by available sampling method. Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI) was used to measure susceptibility of individuals to suicide. The findings were analyzed, suing SPSS 22 software and by ANOVA. Findings: The mean age of the patients in the population was 27.47±3.30 years. The mean of suicidal tendency was significantly different between the operated and non-operated patients and the non-operated group was more likely to commit suicide than the operated group (F=4.09; p<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between age of the studied population and suicide susceptibility. In other words, with increasing age, the susceptibility to suicide was reduced. Conclusion: The operated patients with gender identity disorder are more likely to suicide and are more susceptible to suicide compared with the non-operated patients. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1004-en.pdf Gender Dysphoria Suicidal Tendency Sex Reassignment Surgery Forensic Medicine per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2019-03 24 4 37 46 article A Purebrahim 1 I Goldozian igoldoz@ut.ac.ir 2 A Ramezani 3 M Moradi 4 Young Researchers and Elite club, Qeshm Branch, Azad Islamic University, Qeshm, Iran Law & Political Science Department, Humanities Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Law Department, Humanities Faculty, University of Knowledge & Culture, Tehran, Iran Law Department, Humanities Faculty, Qeshm Branch, Azad Islamic University, Qeshm, Iran Introduction: Along with the use of stem cells technology, many jurisprudential, moral, and legal challenges have been created, including the exploitation of women, intentional abortion, conversion embryos into commodities, stem cells trade, breaking the human dignity, and threats caused by biological agents. Elimination of such possible consequences requires drafting laws and legal mechanisms compatible with regional and cultural beliefs of peoples in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate jurisprudence-legal approaches to stem cells technology. Embryonic stem cells are more favorable to the medical community due to their lack of differentiation for the treatment of various diseases; since the extraction of embryonic stem cells necessarily involves the destruction of embryos, there will be many debates and disagreements, and there are ethical, religious, and sometimes dissenting views on the subject in general. The present review research was conducted, using library and documentary method and studying books, papers, and researches and other authoritave scientific references. Conclusion: Despite many efforts in the framework of formal and informal arrangements and considering religious, cultural, and social potential capacities of the country, unfortunately the rules in this issue require a serious and effective plan. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1021-en.pdf Stem cell Jurisprudential approach Legal Status Criminalization per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2019-03 24 4 47 56 article A Ajori Ayask ajori@birjand.ac.ir 1 Law Department, Literature & Humanities Faculty, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Introduction: The first right of the fetus is living. Therefore, the first order of the Sharia is the prohibition of abortion, except in cases, where it is permitted for the sake of prudence. Neither Islam develops the scope of the abortion permission, like some of the laws of the Western countries, that the life of the fetus is an option on their parents’ hands, nor it limits this scope in such a way that the abortion is not permitted even with distress for mother. Hence, the most important basis for the permission to abortion is the rule of La-Haraj, which is embodied in the Therapeutic Abortion Law approved in 2005. According to this rule, the first sentences that cause distress and constriction are removed from the person. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the mentioned rule in therapeutic abortion and how it is diagnosed. Conclusion: Although with the passage of the Therapeutic Abortion Law an important step has been taken to regulate the issue of abortion, for the determination of the legal examples of abortion, it has not been comprehensively used from the rule as a powerful and dominant rule of Islamic jurisprudence, and in this field, the law has gaps that needs to be resolved. The second point is about how Haraj (distress) is diagnosed with therapeutic abortion. The vast majority of jurists accepted the criterion of the personal character of Haraj and the only thing that is expressed in the law is the assumption of abnormalities in the fetus. However, as it is treated in the abnormal abortion claims, it means accepting a typical criterion; the result that is incompatible with the base of the rule and its nature of appreciative, and it must be corrected. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-948-en.pdf Abortion Therapeutic Abortion Distress and Constriction Personal Criteria Typical Criteria per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2019-03 24 4 57 60 article M. Ghadipasha 1 Gh. Jafari ifm1390@gmail.com 2 A.M. Alimohamadi 3 S. Aram 4 Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Legal Medicine of Tehran, North Branch, Tehran, Iran Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Aims: Determining the impact mechanism is one of the most important measures in forensic science. The mechanism of fracture of the metacarpal neck is squeezed directly into the fist. Often, this type of fracture is due to the impact of the first depending on the hard. In this study, we introduce a case of this fracture. Patient’s Information: He was a middle-aged man, who had ache with various areas of the body followed by a quarrel, and came to the forensic medical center in 2018. His injuries included fifth right metacarpal neck fracture in addition to several superficial scratches. The judiciary asked forensic medicine to declare that, inasmuch as the plaintiff acknowledged that the damage had been caused by the iron cutter bow saw, according to the type of injury, with what it was created. Replying to judiciary, the forensic medicine declared that the fifth right metacarpal neck fracture was not due to a bow saw. Conclusion: If the forensic medicine does not pay attention to the mechanism of trauma in the examinations, due to the non-differentiation of the traumatic consequences of the incident from a traumatic self-made (fabricated) trauma, it may lead to the violation of the rights of individuals and the loss of confidence of the victims and, on the other hand, it will lead to misuse of the perpetrators. In order to identify the mechanism of trauma and the way, in which the lesion is established, interaction with the judiciary is very promising and correspondence and interaction with judiciary should not be ignored in any way. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-968-en.pdf Fracture Bone Metacarpus