per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2021-05 27 1 1 10 article Mohammad Ali Mahdavi Sabet Ali@mahdavi.fr 1 Ali Asghar Ghorbani Dr.aaghorbani@gmail.com 2 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Legal Medicine Research Center, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Abortion, as a challenging social and moral phenomenon, has occupied the minds of human beings and governments since time immemorial. Today, we are witnessing the spread of this phenomenon along with the development of societies and subsequently led to different reactions of governments in accordance with the adopted criminal policy. In this article, while examining the evolution of abortion legislation in Iran, the approach of Iranchr('39')s criminal policy in this field is realized. In the category of criminal policy, the response to the criminal phenomenon is either repressive or preventive; A penal policy that is limited to repressive punishments will not be very successful, especially in the case of abortion, which has one of the highest black numbers. Iranchr('39')s criminal policy towards this phenomenon should be considered as a punitive approach and lacks a preventive attitude. After the Islamic Revolution, the crime of abortion and its rulings were written with a strict view; Although with the passage of the Medical Abortion Law, the legislature sought to moderate its absolute criminality, in recent years there have been whispers about abrogations or severe restrictions on this article. However, Iranchr('39')s criminal policy, at least on the phenomenon of abortion, has been shaky and on a downward trend http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1234-en.pdf Abortion Criminal policy Criminology Abortion law Forensic medicine Screening per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2021-05 27 1 11 24 article Mohammad Ja'far Sadeqpour mohammad.sadeghpour@sku.ac.ir 1 Yousof Fateminia fatemi54@gmail.com 2 Department of Jurisprudence and Law, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Center for Juridical Legal Forensics, Qom, Iran Determining the amount of Mammary Gland Diah or Arsh one of the most important topics in the field of jurisprudence and islamic punishment law. The aim of this study is to explain the importance and consequently to clarify the task of the legal medical organization in the expert opinion of the crime on the Mammary Gland. Imamie Jurisprudents unanimously declared that the amputation of each of the feminine breasts will incur half of full blood money. However, there is disagreement over the amount of blood money when only the tips of the feminine breast is amputated; some declare that it will incur a full blood money and some believe that only one eights of a full blood money will be incurred, others declare Arsh for the incurred injury. Findings of the research suggest that jurisprudentially none other than Arsh could be prescribe. In addition, since the legislature did not construe the nipples as independent, we cannot ignore the absolute application of art. 669. Therefore, on a legal ground, the blood money for the nipples can be determined only based on the principle of the area. Furthermore, the designation of Arsh for the benefits of the nipples and adding it to the blood money for the amputation has no jurisprudential or legal justification. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1201-en.pdf Diah Nipple Area Art. 669 Art. 560 per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2021-05 27 1 25 34 article Ebrahim Gholami Hatam e.gholami@malayeru.ac.ir 1 Haniyeh Hematyar hemmatyar.h@yahoo.com 2 Atefeh Farokhi a_farokhi47@yahoo.com 3 Physics Department, Science Faculty, University of Malayer, Malayer, Iran Physics Department, Science Faculty, University of Malayer, Malayer, Iran Hamadan Branch, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Hamadan, Iran Introduction: Identification and analysis of keratin-based tissues has always been used as an indicator of different element absorption into the body. In this study, the hair and nail compositions of people living in the urban community of Hamadan to determine the amount, difference and relationship of the measured elements were investigated. Methods: Samples were collected from the city of Hamadan in 2019. By considering the sex and the age, the people were divided into three group of normal, athlete and addicted based on physical activities. The quantitative elemental concentration in hair and nail samples was determined by PIXE technique. The statistical data were performed by Origin Lab pro software. Results: Among the identified elements in the hair samples of females, a significant difference was determined between the element P with the elements of Cr and Ni (P<0.001) and a moderate difference with the element Co (P<0.01). No significant differences were found between hair elements in the male gender. Also, the quantitative p-value of element P between groups the normal people with addicts as well as the p-value of element Ca between groups of athletes with addicts was equal to p 0.01. In female nail samples, there was a significant difference between the element P and the elements of Ca, Cr and Al. The correlation coefficient of 0.33 was found among the common elements in the hair and nail samples. Conclusion: The existence of a significant difference between the Calcium and its ratio in the hair and nail sample by considering the variables of gender and age can be used as a biomarker in forensic medicine. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1212-en.pdf Hair Fingernail Trace element Calcium PIXE per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2021-05 27 1 35 44 article Azar Tabesh tabeshazar@yahoo.com 1 Bashir Nazparvar bnazparvar@lmo.ir 2 reza Haj-Manoochehri rhajmanoochehri@lmo.ir 3 Department of Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Introduction: Empirical evidence in many countries implies that fewer occupational accidents are reported during recessions that could be due to a change in workers' reporting behavior which is due to fears of being fired and unemployed, or a change in working safety conditions or a reduction in working hours. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effect of economic fluctuations (economic boom & recession) on the rate of workers' complaints (workers' reporting behavior) of occupational accidents and identify the reasons for it. Methods: In the present study, the hypothesis on Boone & van Ours (2006) model, for 31 provinces of Iran in the period 2014 to 2018 using the Panel data method and Random Effects model and analytical- descriptive form was tested. All required statistics and information have been collected from library resources and statistical yearbooks of the Statistics Center of Iran, the Ministry of Cooperatives Labor and Social Welfare, and the Legal Medicine Organization. Results: The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant negative relationship (-0.256 coefficient) between the unemployment rate (proxy to economic fluctuations) and non-fatal occupational accident rates that the amount of which depends on workers' behavior and decisions. But there is no significant relationship between the unemployment rate and fatal occupational accidents which are not affected by workers' reporting behavior. Estimates also show that factors such as changes in the level of unemployment, changes in the level of employment, increasing employment rates of young people, and increasing working hours of workers do not have a significant effect on occupational accident rates and only increase the share of employees in the industry have a significant effect on occupational accident rates. Conclusion: In this study, the hypothesis that occupational accident rates have a significant relationship with economic fluctuations and in recession, workers decide to complain fewer to the judiciary, is not rejected. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1215-en.pdf Legal Medicine Occupational Accident Unemployment per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2021-05 27 1 45 50 article Mahya Masoumi masoumi.mahya@ymail.com 1 Vida Shafti vshafti1@gmail.com 2 Fariba Sadeghi Dr.lindasadeghi41@gmail.com 3 School of Medicine, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon، Iran School of Medicine, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon، Iran School of Medicine, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon، Iran Introduction: The hymen is a membrane of variable thickness، covering the vaginal entrance. Acknowledging the morphology of the hymen as well as identifying hymen abnormalities has a medicolegal importance. Therefore، the purpose of this study is to evaluate the morphology of the hymen in female newborns. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted. Statistical population, collected by convenient sampling method, was consisted of 246 newborns in Shahid Rajaei Hospital, Tonekabon, Iran (summer and winter 2020). Inclusion criteria were new born babies, written consent, and hymenal exam while exclusion criteria were preterm newborns and family dissatisfaction. Subsequent to the examination of newborns, information was imported into the relevant checklist and SPSS software version 24 was utilized to process the information. Results: Out of 246 evaluated-patients، the results were as it follows: 166 cases (67. 47%) of neonates with annular hymens, 30 cases (12. 19%) with sleeve-like hymens, 22 cases (8. 94%) with crescentic hymens, 15 cases (6. 09 %) with fimbriated hymens, 2 cases (0. 81%) with septate hymens, 2 cases (0. 81%) with cribriform hymens, and 8 cases (3. 25%) with dentated hymens and one case of imperforated hymen (0. 4%). Conclusion: Since undiagnosed imperforated hymen can be associated with hematocolpos and hydrouretronephrosis، it is essential that the relevant physician examines the hymen at the first after-the-birth visit. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1219-en.pdf Hymen morphology Female newborns Imperforated hymen Physical exam per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2021-05 27 1 51 58 article Mohammad Reza Khazaeli mkhazali@yahoo.com 1 Farkhondeh Jamshidi Dr.jamshidi2009@yahoo.com 2 Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Poisoning, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Introduction: Child abuse is one of the common problems in different societies that has negative effects on the physical and mental health and functioning of the child and society. In the present study, the preventable causes of child abuse in ahwaz forensic medicine organization during 2011-2020 were evaluated. Methods: In this epidemiological-analytical study, the forensic records of child abuse in the years 2011 to 2020 in the forensic medicine of Ahvaz were examined. File information including gender, age, level of education, area of residence, type of parents, causes of harassment and addiction. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: 49.3% of child abuse cases were male and 50.7% were female, and the mean age of child abuse was 10.26±2.19 years. Also, 69.9% of child abuse cases were poor and 30.1% were moderate. 56.5% of child abuse cases had physical parents. 74.0% of child abuse cases had two parents. 72.2% of child abuse cases were illiterate, 24.7% had a diploma and 1/4% had a post-diploma. Among child abuse cases, 53.4% were physically abused and 46.6% were sexually abused. Of the child abuse cases, 47.9% were addicted to opium and cannabis. Conclusion: The incidence of child abuse did not differ by gender, however low levels of well-being and economics, low levels of education, having a stepfather or stepmother, and parental addiction were risk factors for child abuse. Also, the high rate of physical and sexual abuse of children in this study is very worrying. http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1193-en.pdf Child abuse Physical abuse Sexual abuse Personal circumstances Social conditions per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2021-05 27 1 59 68 article Zahra Erfanian Talee Noughan zr.erfanian@yahoo.com 1 Seyed Arya Hejazi 2 Akram Fotovat 3 Mahdis Hamzeh 4 Forensic Psychology Expert, Khorasan Razavi Branch, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Mashhad, Iran Legal Medicine Research Center, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Legal Medicine Research Center, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Forensic Psychiatry Expert, Khorasan Razavi Branch, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Mashhad, Iran Introduction: The issue of malingering and deception is one of the most important issues in forensic psychiatry. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to prevalence assessment of psychological phenomena by malinger clients who referred to the forensic psychiatry department of Khorasan Razavi from April 2016 To Summer 2017. Methods: In a cross-sectional study during April 2016 to summer 2017, Individuals who were referred to the psychiatric department of Mashhad forensic medicine by the judicial authority that Initial evaluation by psychiatrists according to DSM-5 criteria for mental disorders. Then using an M-FAST test malinger assessment for malinger clients who was confirmed in this study. The research method in this study was cross-sectional-descriptive. After collecting the questionnaires, the information was analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results: According to the results of this study, 42 people were studied with an average of 35. 21 ± 12. 355 and low level of education (primary (29. 4%), illiterate (23. 5%) and unemployed (48. 6%). The range of cognitive disorder was 75% (26 cases) and then perceptual disorder was 75% (25 cases). Also, the highest rate of referral of patients in the present study was for compensation and blood money (30. 6%). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the consequences of low education and subsequent of unemployment and low social and economic status can be considered as one of the effective factors and grounds for the occurrence of discrimination in this group of clients that use it for financial and judicial benefit (escape from criminal responsibility). http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1007-en.pdf Psychological Phenomena Forensic Medicine Malingering per Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine 1027-1457 2383-0034 2021-05 27 1 69 70 article Zohreh Honarvar zohreh.honarvar.49@gmail.com 1 Arya Hedjazi arya_hedjazi@yahoo.com 2 Shahrzad Ghadirian shahrzadghadirian80@gmail.com 3 Legal Medicine Research Center, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Legal Medicine Research Center, Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1214-en.pdf Inheritance Violence Judge