@article{ author = {Zohrevandi, Behzad and Asadi, Payman and MonsefKasmaee, Vahid and Tajik, Hosna and Ashouri, Arash and Ebrahimi, H}, title = {Epidemiology of motor cycle accidents in Rasht, 2011-2012.}, abstract ={Introduction: The road accidents is a major problem of health system. According to importance of motor cycle accidents and lack of similar studies in this province, we aimed to survey the epidemiology of the motor cycle accidents in Rasht. Methods: this descriptive cross sectional study was done among all patients with motorcycle accident admitted to emergency department of Poursina hospital of Rasht between 2011 and 2012. Variables such as age, gender, mechanism of accident, season, day of hospitalization, anatomic part of truma, presence of fracture or dislocation, need of surgery and mortality rate were assessed. Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 16. Results: a total of 3013 cases with motorcycle accident were assessed which 91.7 percent of them was men. The mean age of cases was 29.74± 14.38 years and 35.2 of cases aged 21-30 years old. The 59.4 percentage of referred accidents patients were those caused by the "motorcycle-car accident". The most (34.1%) of patients who had suffered from accidents caused by motorcycle was in summer. The most parts of injuries were head and neck (23.2%), facial injuries (22%), lower extremity injuries (21.9%) and upper extremity (18.9%) respectively. Mortality rate was 2.5%. Conclusion: this study showed that motorcycle accidents were more common in young male in summer. The implementation and strengthening of safety rules and set the age limit for motorcycle riders might be able to reduce accidents in the community. Keywords: Accident/ Traffic, Epidemiology, Motorcycle}, Keywords = {Accident/ Traffic, Epidemiology, Motorcycle}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {169-170}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-517-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-517-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {heidari, ahmadreza and Khoshnood, Mohammad Jav}, title = {Effect of Temperature, Time and Sodium Fluoride Concentration on the Stability of Ethanol in Blood Samples from Male Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Background: Assessment of alcohol abuse is included a large volume of references to the toxicology laboratory. Detection and interpretation of ethanol in blood samples are essential issues in forensic cases, they are important goals for courts. There are numerous biochemical and biological processes which may have significant influence on ethanol concentrations, conditions of the samples (out of the fridge and passed the test of time, temperature and amount of preservative) are effective factors on ethanol concentration. This study was designed to investigate the effects of temperature, time, and sodium fluoride (as a preservative) simultaneously over. Method: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of twelve. Three hours before sampling, rates were fed orally with 3 ml of ethanol (diluted with distilled water to one-third). To investigate the effect of sodium fluoride (concentration of 1%, 0.5%, 1.5% w - v), temperature (- 8, 4 and 25° C) and time (zero, 10 and 20 days after sampling). Blood samples were taken from each group. And ethanol were measured with gas chromatography. In order to evaluate the results, the one-way ANOVA test followed by LSD and SNK tests were used to compare groups. And Repeated measure of general liner model was used to detect differences in concentration among different periods. Findings: The results showed that at temperatures of -8 and 25° C with protective substances 1 % by weight - volume after the elapse of time, 10 and 20 days, reducing the ethanol concentration is seen. Increase or decrease of ethanol concentration at 4° C with sodium fluoride, 1% after 20 days was not significant. Decrease of ethanol concentration in samples with less protective was more. Conclusion: To evaluate the concentration of ethanol, it is better to store samples of blood and samples at 4° C and sodium fluoride 1%w - v.}, Keywords = {Ethanol, Headspace, Gas Chromatography, Sodium fluoride, Temperature}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {171-178}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-475-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-475-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Bagheri, Abolfazl and Farzaneh, Esmail and Hedayatipour, Masou}, title = {A Study of Frequency and Reasons of Patients Complaints against Dental Practitioners in Ardebil during 2001-2011}, abstract ={Background: The medical complaints are one of problems which will cause the criminal or legal prosecution of dentists. One of concerns of dentists is side-effects of treatment and subsequently, the patient complaint is not an impossible issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and reasons of patients complaints against dental practitioners in Ardebil during 2001-2011. Method: In this is descriptive- intersectional study, forms including 12 questions for 51 patients related to dental complaints were completed. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS.17 by statistical tests such as Chi-square and t-test. Findings: 51 cases included 35 male (68.6%) and 16 female (31.4%). The mean age of complaints was 35.5 years old, and average age of dental practitioners was 44.1. Most complaints were about endodontic procedures with 18 cases (35.3%) and dental surgery with 15 cases (29.4%) next. The highest rate of compliance related to unskilled dentists with 17 cases (33.3%). The highest rate of complaints was about private dental offices with 72.5%. Conclusion: Results showed that one of the most important reasons of patient’s dissatisfaction and from dental practitioners is communicative problem and unfair behavior of dentists to patients. In many cases, their conflicts are verbal and their disagreement. Also, increase of medical costs would increase the expectations of patients from treatment and therefore, the increase of complaints.}, Keywords = {Patient, Dental Practitioner, Complaint, Legal Medicine }, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {179-186}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-530-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-530-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Shekari, Hamed and Eftekhari, Ali}, title = {Association between Psychotropic Drug Usage and Crime in Central Prison of Urmia, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Psychotropic drugs has gradually replaced the traditional drugs in the society unfortunately lead to more severe mental and physical adverse effects and treatment of this type of addiction is more difficult than that of traditional drugs. Most addicted do dangerous crimes for drugs. However, drug-induced hallucinations may also lead to occurrence of crimes. This study has performed to identify the association between psychotropic drug use and crime in Urmia central prison. Method: This survey was a cross-sectional study that performed by resourcing researcher to the Urmia central prison and by means of a questionnaire. 59 prisoners who were imprisoned due to different crimes were enrolled the study. The questionnaire included two parts: demographic information and questions base on type of drugs, consumption method and personal history. Findings: Our results demonstrated 58% of offenders were male and one of them was female. Most of their level of education were under high school diploma. Also, most of them were jobless or had no fixed job. Most offenders (69.2%) were addicted to methamphetamine that was most causes of crime. The mean duration of use of psychoactive substances was 7.49±5.99 years. Interesting point was 15 offenders were sentenced to life imprisonment or execation, which represented the intensity and violent of their crime. There was no significant relationship between drugs and type of crime and prior prison (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to decisive influence of drug to occurrence of violent crimes, which often lead to execute or life imprisonment, underlying causes that tend people to use these drugs should be examined and necessary proceedings should be done to prevent this social problem. Conducting research on reducing the consumption of these drugs is recommended.}, Keywords = {Psychotropic Drug Usage, Crime, Central Prison. Urmia}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {187-192}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-625-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-625-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {zaboli, rouhohllah and seyedjavadi, maryam and salari, jafar and aliaffje, allie}, title = {A Survey on the Extent and Causes of Patients Complaints in Hospitals and Medical Centers Affiliated of Beheshti University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background: Patients' complaints of the medical system could identify weaknesses and provide better opportunities to meet the patients needs. This study aimed to analysis the extent and causes of patient’s complaints on hospitals and medical centers affiliated of Beheshti University of medical sciences in 2013. Method: This study was a retrospective descriptive study and performed from 01.04.2013 to 11.03.2014 on patient complaints in hospitals and medical centers affiliated of Shahid Beheshti university of medical sciences. The study population were consist of all hospitals, clinics, surgical centers, and offices. Data collection was done by a checklist of hospital data. All complaints recorded whether written, verbal or on a phone. Hospital complaints were reviewed and data analysis was done by Excel software. Findings: The results showed that 2619 centers of 22981 have been visited on the past years. The highest incidence of patient complaints were detected in the second quarter amounted to 212 cases and the lowest rate in the third quarter. The highest level of patient complaints (61%) was receiving funds outside the tariff. Other causes of patient complaints in order of frequency are: delays in the delivery of health care services (14%), medical centers illegally or without authorization (13%), dissatisfaction with medical staff (6.6%) complained of side effects of treatment (2.8%). Conclusion: Investigation of patient complaints is essential to an organization. Associated Factor with the healthcare providers treatment was the main cause of the patient compliance. In addition, hospital treatment must comply with the principle of respect for patient and professional and technical rules to control patient compliance rates.}, Keywords = {Patient Compliance Individual Factors, Hospital.}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {193-200}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-540-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-540-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {ahmadi, mahbube and rahnavardi, mona and kiyani, mehrzad and poorhoseyngholi, asm}, title = {Relationship between Domestic Violence and Suicidal Thoughts on Women Referred to Rasht City Health-Medical Center and the Family Courts in 2013}, abstract ={Background: Domestic violences are one of the most important contributors to the global burden of disease among women and girls, but little is known about prevalence and modifiable risk factors in low and middle income countries. Evidence suggests that domestic violence against women can also affect women's mental health and can lead to suicidal behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between domestic violence and suicidal thoughts. Method: This study is a retrospective study. The study population consisted of 110 qualified women referred to health centers and family courts of the city of Rasht. Sampling method was available or easy. We use 2 questionnaires for this study: Domestic violence and Beck Scale for suicidal Ideation. Questionnaire validity and reliability were measured through content validity and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Findings: The highest scores were related to psychological violence, with an average 44.13 and then physical violence by an average 33/88 and at the end sexual violence, with an average 30/09. Results showed a significant positive correlation between physical violence (r=0.5) and psychological violence (r=0.3) with suicidal ideation (P<0.001). But no significant relationship between sexual violence and suicidal ideation was observed (P=0.2) and (r=0.2). Conclusion: The results showed that physical and psychological violence are associated with suicidal ideation. Given the high prevalence of domestic violence among women in this study and the recognition of violence as a major risk factor for women’s ill-health must be fully integrated into mental health policy. Resources must be allocated to preventing violence against women and mitigating its consequences in order the mental health needs of women to be effectively addressed.}, Keywords = {domestic violence, women, prevalence, violence against women}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {201-210}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-590-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-590-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Salarkarimi, Hadiseh and MousaviShahabi, Seeyed Nabi and Hejazi, Ary}, title = {Medical Staff\' Liability Arising from Colleagues, Trainees and Patients Actions In Medical Events}, abstract ={Background: In tort's law, unlike the criminal law, it is hard to accept a person to be punished for someone else's crime. There are a multitude number of cases that a person is liable to compensate the damages which s/he has not involved in them. Responsibility, because of others deleterious actions is a sort of cases accepted by the legislator in regard of indirect responsibility for the alleged loss. In this paper it will be tried to answer a flood of questions such as: - Is the head of physicians responsible for damages caused by colleagues, students or his trainees? - Can a patient (who has involved in the hurts which damaged himself/herself) ask others to compensate the damages? and answer in profusion of other ambiguities to create necessary changes to ameliorate the flaws, and create a special system for recovery and specific legislations about the medical staff' tort or the obligations which arise from medical actions. Method: The method for gathering data was: medical malpractice cases referred to Kerman forensic medicine organization for a Period of 1 year (June 2011-2012) and libraries and electronics by taking notes. In this study 85 cases reviewed randomly and the obtained information about the range of the sentenced physicians (who were sentenced because of others' actions such as colleagues or students) and also the range of the patients' faults (who were caused damages to themselves) filled in the registration forms and SPSS software was used to analyze and graph the data. Findings: 10% of head of the physicians were sentenced because of the conviction of other colleagues, while 57.5% were acquitted and 32.5% of the cases were not subjected to. In some cases the patient's faults is also one of the losses reasons whether this interference is coincident with the medical staff' faults or as a complement factor. There is no difference that the interference is physical, mental or economical. Conclusions: On the mature reflection on review of judicial verdicts seems that the legislator assumed legal liabilities to specific individuals and the issue is an exception to the general rules of liability so, according to these obligations the damaged person must prove the others mistakes and the relationship between the mistakes and the created loss. While the legal presumption is removed to prove fault and cause relationship between the actions and the losses. In fact there is a legal and an incontrovertible reason about previous faults and cause relationship between the false action and the created loss.}, Keywords = {Medical Liability, Victim\'s Fault, Trainees\' Liabilities, Liability Arises From Others Actions, Compensation}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {211-220}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-626-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-626-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {MahboobiArdakan, Payman and ShafieMazraeno, Hossein and Zarezadeh, Mohammad and Shaterzadeh, Fataneh and mehdizadeh, Parisa and motaghed, Zahra and MeskarpourAmiri, Mohammad and Shahabi, Nahid and Pakdaman, Mohse}, title = {Parent satisfaction rate of the patient bill of rights application status for children’s admitted in pediatric educational and treatment Centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background: Based on the Patient bill of rights, Patient children’s parents have right to receive an appropriate and effective treatment and care with respect and regardless of race, religious and cultural groups, as soon as possible. In this area, parents view point to education and health services could be a positive step in improving health services in relation to the child, and society. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the parent’s satisfaction with respect of children's rights by medical teams in pediatric educational and treatment Centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Method: This study was a descriptive - analytical and in terms of time, a cross-sectional study in which 251 parents of children admitted to the pediatric educational and treatment hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences participated that at least three days of the hospital admission of them passed. Sampling was in stratified method and data collection tool was a standard questionnaire designed based on patients' rights bill. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Chi-square test was used. The research data were analyzed using SPSS version 13 software and analysis of descriptive statistics besides, the chi-square test. Findings: Results showed 75% of the parents to somewhat satisfied from health care team respect of patient bill of rights for their children. Satisfaction rate from respect to patients' rights about children's depends on hospital departments and parent’s job groups (P<0.05). Most complaints were related to nephrology (54%) and emergency (51%) departments. Also, most areas of dissatisfaction were related to not-introducing nurse to child, not-introducing financial and social aid centers and no-talking about the prognosis. Conclusion: Most of parents have satisfaction about application of provision of patient rights for their children but there are still substantial and meaningful differences between different parts of a hospital.}, Keywords = {Patient Rights, children, Satisfaction }, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {221-229}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-445-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-445-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2015} }