@article{ author = {IsmailiShahroudiMoqaddam, Zahra and SaberiIsfeedvajani, Mohse}, title = {Medical Malpractice: A Preventable or Inevitable Issue}, abstract ={ This article has no abstract.}, Keywords = {Medical Malpractice, Health, Hospital}, volume = {27}, Number = {3}, pages = {138-140}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1306-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1306-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Tavajohi, Abdulali and Ardalan, Hossei}, title = {Criminal Effects of Gender Reassignment After Committing a Criminal Offense}, abstract ={One of the important subjects and  issues in medical sciences that has caused the emergence  of new legal and jurisprudence issues in the society, is sex reassignment surgery (SRS). Although in the past, these discussions have more or less been under discussion,  nowadays due to technological progress and medical science achievements, new aspects of this subject have emerged. Despite different views concerning sex reassignment surgery (SRS) permission, famous jurisprudents have in principle accepted the act of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) as such, if it is required and necessary and based on medical prognosis. In case of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) will be affected with due regards to all updated medical standards and diagnosis of a medical expert, is conform to legal rules and principles of laws, and is not in conflict with public order and good ethics. Thus, in present Iranian legal system conditions and concerning religious well-known juridical documentation, sex reassignment surgery (SRS)’s applying all orders and its penal effects in punishing the perpetrator, both men and women will be punished for their current gender. Ultimately, owing  to the necessity of treating transgender people according to popular opinion and the need for treatment and determining the sex of these people, based on  the current gender, legal and criminal rules should be considered about them.}, Keywords = {Gender, Sex reassignment surgery, Transgender, Jurisprudence, Ta’zir and criminal effects}, volume = {27}, Number = {3}, pages = {141-154}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1223-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1223-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Asadinejad, Seyed Mohammad and TavakoliRad, Farzi}, title = {Status of Financial Contracts of People With Bipolar Disorder from a Civil Rights Perspective}, abstract ={The underlying basis of legal acts is the volition of individuals, and without the intention and will, the nature of credit will not exist. The will is an internal and sensual matter and will not have legal effects until it is expressed and manifested. The spread of new mental illnesses in people has caused the people’s will with different types of such illnesses to be questioned. With the spread of information and the advancement of technology, access to many specialized topics in various other fields has become possible. Because of this, many researchers, such as legal scholars, are more inclined to perform research in other specialized fields. Investigating bipolar disorder and its conditions, we find that patients with bipolar disorder are considered isolated in terms of the nature of what they are experiencing and the mood they have. Hence, the kind of type 1 bipolar patients and rapid-cycling bipolar patients are void and ineffective due to the complete mania and insanity they experience. Patients with type 2 bipolar disorder and cyclothymic disorder are not insane about this situation, but due to their mood swings, they do not have the necessary volition to form legal actions, and the status of this group of bipolar patients must be examined at the moment.}, Keywords = {Bipolar disorder, Legal status, Competence, Contract}, volume = {27}, Number = {3}, pages = {155-164}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1260-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1260-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghadipasha, Masoud and AliMohammadi, Ali Mohammad and Mahdavi, Seyed Amirhosein and Aram, Samira and Akhgari, Maryam and Ghadipasha, Pars}, title = {Investigating the Extent of Negligence and its Relevant causes in the Field of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Cases Referred to the General Directorate of Medical Commissions of Tehran Province, Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: Medical malpractice is an unintended consequence of providing health services to patients. Despite the efforts of the medical community and the advancement of medical technology; complaints have increased. This study aimed to take an effective step in preventing negligence by examining the extent of negligence and its related causes in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Methods: A descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study was performed in 2021. Complaint cases against the negligence of obstetricians and gynecologists in 2017 were reviewed. Out of a total of 143 cases, 140 cases were reviewed after the approval given by the ethics committee in biomedical research. After completing the researcher-made questionnaire, data were analyzed by SPSS software version 23. Results: From a total of 140 files, 50 and 90 cases resulted in negligence of obstetricians and innocence, respectively. Out of a total of 50 cases leading to negligence, the minimum failure rate was 2% and the maximum was 70%. Twenty-nine cases (58%) recklessness, 19 cases (38%) negligence, 1 case (2%) non-compliance with government systems and 1 case (2%) lack of skills; 2 cases (4%) delay in diagnosis, 11 cases (22%) incorrect diagnosis, 9 cases (18%) delay in treatment and 8 cases (16%) no indication of diagnostic or therapeutic action, 4 cases (8%) no diagnosis, 4 cases (8%) inappropriate technique, 8 cases (16%) non-observance of scientific standards, 2 cases (4%) non-supervision of resident work, 1 case (2%) disciplinary negligence and 1 case (2%) nurse negligence ; the reason was negligence. Conclusion: The most common type of negligence is recklessness; by increasing the accuracy of medical and surgical procedures, the rate of negligence can be reduced. The Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Ministry of Health with the necessary planning can have a remarkable impact on reducing medical error and enhancing the level of public health.}, Keywords = {Medical malpractice, Women, Forensic medicine}, volume = {27}, Number = {3}, pages = {165-173}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1267-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1267-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {JahaniSherafat, Somayeh and Razzaghi, Zahra and Mahdavi, Seyed Amirhosein and Forouzesh, Mahdi and Jafarnejad, Ladan and Razzaghi, Mohammadrez}, title = {Investigation of Complaints Related to the Use of Laser in Medicine, Referred to the Forensic Medicine Commission in Tehran Province, Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: Medical malpractice is a major problem in healthcare systems. Nowadays, laser technology is an integral part of medicine. The present study aimed to recognize the common causes and decisions relevant to medical malpractice complaints that are concerned with the use of lasers in medicine. Methods: The frequency and nature of judicial cases of injuries induced by the use of laser in treatment, referred to the Office of Forensic Medicine Commissions in Tehran Province over the years 2016 and 2020 were investigated. Results: During the years 2016 and 2020, 314 relevant cases were referred to the Tehran Forensic Medicine Commission. The occurrence of lawsuits relevant to utilization of lasers in the treatment indicates a growing trend. General practitioners, followed by ophthalmologists, had the highest cases of complaints. The main reason for the complaints from the complainants' point of view was the lack of sufficient expertise in treatment. Out of 314 laser lawsuits, 203 (64. 6%) resulted in doctors’ convicting and confirming medical malpractice. Conclusion: The most significant factor in the occurrence of complaints is the lack of sufficient expertise and the use of untrained individuals and the lack of monitoring of the performance of non-specialists in the field of lasers in medicine. By reviewing and analyzing laser-related judicial cases, we would find the weakness of laser in medical sciences and take action to eliminate these issues, therefore, preventing possible injuries and improving patient safety.}, Keywords = {Malpractice, Laser therapy, Forensic medicine}, volume = {27}, Number = {3}, pages = {174-181}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1271-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1271-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {SeyyedzadehSani, Seyyed Mahdi and Moshirahmadi, Alirez}, title = {Measuring the Sense of Medical Justice towards Health Tourists Visiting Mashhad Hospitals, Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: The existence of justice is one of the most important issues in medical practice. This study aimed to investigate the feeling of medical justice among health tourists visiting Mashhad hospitals. Methods: The method of present research is descriptive-analytical. The research population included 202 medical tourists hospitalized in Mashhad hospitals in 2019. The data collection method employing a researcher-made questionnaire included 39 questions that evaluated three service indicators, interactive, and medical. Data analysis was performed using 24 SPSS software. Results: The results indicate an understanding of the sense of justice within health tourists. Among the three indicators investigated, the index of treatment with an average of 4.18% has the highest sense of justice among tourists. Service and interactive indicators are also ranked next with an average of 4.08% and 3.87%, respectively. Conclusion: Health tourists visiting Mashhad hospitals did not conceive the feeling of significant discrimination against Iranian patients. However, the description of how to deal with possible negligence and how to compensate for it, along with reducing the delay in providing services, are components to which paying more attention  can lead to a higher level of satisfaction among health tourists.}, Keywords = {Medical justice, Sense of justice, Medical tourism}, volume = {27}, Number = {3}, pages = {182-190}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1256-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1256-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Zabihi, Jalil and Grailo, Hadi}, title = {Security, confidentiality, and privacy of information in the field of health with data EPR embedding in medical MRI images based on HVS model}, abstract ={Introduction: Patient data security has become a serious concern. One of the methods against these risks is the utilization of data embedding. The patient’s electronic record is embedded  into the medical image without changing the shape and size of the image. Methods: The EPR data embedding is based on SSIM and HVS criteria employing  MRI image segmentation. The idea behind two-dimensional wavelet-cosine conversion based on EPR data latency is that the final image will provide more resilience and stability against malicious attacks. Results: The present study aimed to study the effect of the proposed method, including innovations in the HVS block based on SSIM criteria for transparency and flexibility. The latency coefficient K is considered to be comparatively proportional to the N-ROI uniformity. The selection of  coefficients includes the frequency and spatial sensitivity optimization function in an adaptive way to match the visual perception of vision. Conclusion: Security in health information systems has its own weak points, planning to secure access to patients and risk management is crucial , and necessary. Research improve the level of security, confidentiality, and integrated storage of patient information and image. The simulation results, considering the parameters of robustness and transparency in comparison with other methods, were carried out with the evaluation criteria, including MSE, NC, SSIM, and BER measurements.}, Keywords = {Data security, Evaluation, Data embedding, Electronic patient record, MS-SSIM, Human visual system model}, volume = {27}, Number = {3}, pages = {191-201}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1259-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1259-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saadatneshan, Seyed Mohamm}, title = {A Suicide Attempt by Helium Gas and Plastic Bag in Iran: A Case Report}, abstract ={Introduction: Helium is a non-toxic gas, but due to its physical properties, if inhaled, it can be replaced with carbon dioxide and oxygen. With the reduction of carbon dioxide in the receptors of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata, reflexes, and respiratory activities decrease and thus can reduce the level of consciousness and subsequently lead to death. Due to the properties of helium, this gas can be utilized for easy and painless suicide attempt. Case Report: The present case is a 17-year-old boy whose body was found in a hotel. At the scene of death, a plastic bag was found around the head, which was connected to the helium gas tank with a hose. A manuscript, suicide instrument, and a plan were also found on the scene of death. Autopsy findings indicated multiple petechiae between the lung lobes. In laboratory studies, psychiatric drugs of the case were observed in toxicological samples that were his daily medications. The boy had a history of major depression and previous unsuccessful suicide attempts. Conclusion: Using this method to commit suicide can interfere in determining the cause of death due to the lack of specific evidence in the autopsy, which requires more attention of physicians and pathologists to this method of suicide and meanwhile to the evidence at the scene of death.}, Keywords = {,Suicide,Helium,Case Reports}, volume = {27}, Number = {3}, pages = {202-206}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1277-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1277-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} }