@article{ author = {Adib-Hajbaghery, Mohsen and AziziFini, Esmaeil}, title = {Nurses and nursing students’ knowledge of professional laws and regulations}, abstract ={Background: Increasing the public awareness of health issues and patients rights, have exposed nurses to more calls to the court. Therefore, this study was conducted for evaluating of nurses and nursing students’ knowledge of professional rules and regulations. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 160 nurses and 65 last semester nursing students. Data collection using a questionnaire included of seven questions regarding demographic information and 20 questions regarding professional rules including job description, recording documentation, types of professional crimes and negligence, penalties and blood money, patients’ rights and primitive court tasks and how it should be treated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5. Results: A total of 71.1% subjects were nurses and 28.9% were the students. Most of subjects have not been trained about professional laws and regulations and 95.6% expressed the need to more knowledge and education about professional rules and regulations. None of the subjects was fully aware of the professional rules, 47.6% had little knowledge on professional rules. There were no significant difference between the nurses and the students’ knowledge on professional rules. Conclusion: The knowledge of nurses and nursing students in the field of professional regulation is not good. This can put both nurses and clients at risk. Therefore immediate action seems to be necessary to promote nurses awareness about professional rules and regulations.}, Keywords = {Nurses, nursing students, knowledge, professional laws, regulations, negligence }, volume = {17}, Number = {1}, pages = {7-14}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-282-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-282-en.doc}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Taheri, Seyed Kazem and Afzali, Saeed and KhaledNaghshbandi, Mohammad and Norouzi, Faraneh and Mohammadi, Nafiseh}, title = {Report of Two Cases of Accidental Poisoning Due to "Rice Tablet" Misuse}, abstract ={Aluminum phosphide is a cheap and highly toxic pesticide which is commonly used for grain preservation. In Iran, it is known as the “rice tablet”. Ingestion of only 1.5 g of a standard tablet (3000 mg) can be lethal in human due to multiple organ failures. Unfurtunately, this high potent substance is easily available in our country. Its usage for suicidal attempts has been increasing significantly in recent years. According to the availability of garlic deragee, herbal rice tablet (Banan) and aluminum phosphide, all three in Iranian market as "garlic tablet", we may meet unintentional fatal poisoning caused by accidental ingestion of aluminum phosphide in some cases.In this manuscript, we report a successful treatment in two patients with accidental poisoning by aluminum phosphide which had happened due to nominal similarity}, Keywords = {Keywords:Rice Tablet, Aluminum Phosphide, Accidental Poisoning}, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-469-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {The Simple Review of Existent Documents on Non-Food Poisoning in Iran}, abstract ={Background: Regarding redundant magnitude of non-food poisoning phenomenon in Iran, it seems a simple review of related documents in different type of this poisoning, gives a precise estimation about this subject for a correct policy- making in this field. Methods: For access to qualified and scientific information, we referred to the Iranian and international electronic databases including Irandoc, Iranmedex, Integrated Library, Scopus and Sciencedirect. A systematic search by using the most sensitive and relevant keywords including toxicity (Poisoning or Toxicity or Intoxication), non (Non-Food) and suicide (Suicide or Self-harm) was done. Then the selected studies were evaluated by a standard checklist of STROBE. Finally data extraction conducted for qualified studies. Findings: In this study, among 220 found articles, 29 articles with 72024 people were evaluated. The maximum cases of intentional poisoning (86%) were in 15-24 years old age group and also maximum cases of accidental poisoning (79%) were in under 15 years old age group. A background in poisoning or mental disorders were the main and significant factors for future poisonings. Conclusion: Respecting a simple review of national documents about morbidity and mortality of non-food poisoning in Iran, we can say attempts to legalize sale and consumption of poisons and drugs and chemical materials, low use of poisons and high use of safe controlling methods, a change in attitude and an attempt to increase general knowledge in people about poisoning and producing proper educational programs by mass media are among the main actions. If they are done, it could decrease the number of poisoned cases in Iran.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Non-Food Poisoning, Accidental Poisoning, Review Research, Iran}, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-462-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {JavadiNejad, Shahrzad and Ghafari, Roshanak and MemarArdestani, Marj}, title = {Accuracy of Two Methods of Age Estimation in Children Based on Radiography of Developing Teeth}, abstract ={Backgroung: The most prevalent method for determining the dental age is the Demirjian method. But, different studies have been showing that this method overestimates the age so, Willems has presented a newer method. Willems has used (ANOVA) system to adapt Demirjian method to Belgian Caucasian race. The result was new tables in sex separated. Calculating the overall maturity score by summing the adapted scores for the seven mandibular teeth directly results in the estimated dental age. The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of Willems Method in age estimation of children by radiography of developing teeth in Esfahan. Methods: In this descriptive, cross –Sectional study, 151 panoramic radiographies belong to 54 boys and 97 girls at the age of 3 to 18 years old, were used. The samples of chronological age was obtained by subtraction of birth date from the radiography performance date. The sample of dental age which was determined by both Demirjian and Willems methods were entered to SPSS software (Ver 17) and differences with the chronological age were analysed by using a t-test and ANOVA. Fingings: The Demirjian method resulted in an overestimation of 0.63 year (boys 0.94 year and girls 0.47 year). The new adapted method resulted in a smaller overestimation of 0.11 year (boys 0.22 year and girls 0.06 year). In different age groups, the minimum difference has been in the range of 11 to 12 years old and it was 0.01 year. The maximum difference has been in the range of 17 to 18 years old and it was 1.2 year. Discussion: The statistical difference between chronological age and Willems method is not significant. The adapted method was resulted in more accurate dental age estimations in this population}, Keywords = {Keywords: Dental Age, Chronological Age, Willems Method, Demirjian Method }, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {141-147}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-461-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Hajyhosseinloo, Majid and Eftekhari, Ali and Gorbani, Sakineh and Zarei, Abas}, title = {Study of Brain Death and Organ Donation in West Azerbaijan Province (2004-2010)}, abstract ={Background: Brain death is an irreversible cessation of all brain activities and brain stem simultaneously, and must comply with clinical and paraclinical characteristics that may be resulted from severe head trauma, brain hemorrhage, stroke or prolonged brain anoxia. This study reviews the demographic donor members besides, a comparative evaluation of clinical and paraclinical findings in guideline of American Academy of Neurology, conducted on brain death. Methods: This is a descriptive cross - sectional study. All cases of brain death that had been agreed to award their organs from 2004 to 2010 were studied. Questionnaire included two parts, demographic information and questions assessed parameters recommended guideline by the American Academy of Neurology. In Order to determine compliance with the parameters, descriptive statistics and graphs were used. Findings: Approximately, 77% of cases were +18 and 23% were -18. The cause of brain death was car accident in 61% of cases, 13% cerebrovascular accident, 13% gun shot, 5% falling and others were electric shock or tumor of cerebellum. All cases were on coma mode and no motor response to painful stimuli was detected. In all cases there were no brain stem reflexes. All had brain CT and the basic body temperature was above 32ºC. In all cases EEG had been performed twice. Organs donated were liver and kidney in 67% of cases and in 33% was kidney only. Conclusion: In the comparative study between brain death and organ transplant evaluation process in Guideline of American Academy of Neurology, non tremendous difference was found. Most transplanted organs were kidney and liver. Because there are about 50 organs or tissues in a person could be donated and low rate of organs donation in the country, efficient use of organ transplant must be considered and it should not be limited to one or two organs. The growing organ donation is a positive sign and promotion of public culture is effective for it.}, Keywords = {Keyword: Brain Death, Organ Donation, Organ Transplantation}, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {149-155}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-465-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {HayaviHaghighi, Mohammad Hossein and Khorami, Farid and HosseiniTeshizi, Saeed and Dehghani, Mohamm}, title = {The Impact of Documentation Errors on Accuracy of Cause of Death Coding in Shahid Mohammadi Hospital of Bandarabbas}, abstract ={Background: Death information have critical role in adjustment of health plans and cause of death coding leads to organizing and being used of this information. Purpose of this study is to review the impact of documentation errors on cause of death coding accuracy in Shahid Mohammadi hospital in Bandarabbas. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study performed in second half of 2011 by a survey on all death certificates. At first, certificates information were written on forms separately and residents determined sequences of death certificates. Next, the researcher recorded certificates and compared his codes with primary coders. At last, the researcher referred to death certificates for extracting information about documentation errors. Data entered in SPSS and was analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi square test in 95% confidence interval. Findings: Accuracy rate of causes of death coding was 51.7%. There was a meaningful relationship between coding accuracy and major errors (P=.001) but, between coding accuracy and minors there was not. Among major errors, «cause of death with equal effects» has the most affect (82.1% error in coding) and the most impact of this error was in endocrine chapter, (94.4% error in coding). Number of death certificate lines and its language have meaningful relation with both errors. Conclusion: Cause of death coding is not acceptable in this hospital. Considering impact of major errors (9.4%) on coding accuracy, physicians training in death certificate issue is required.}, Keywords = {Key words: Documentation Error, Death Certificate, Cause of Death, Accuracy, Coding, ICD-10}, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {157-164}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-464-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Khodabandeh, Farideh}, title = {A Comparison Between Clinical Cause Of Death and Autopsy Reported One}, abstract ={Background: Accurate medical diagnosis is an important issue for an appropriate treatment. The aim of this study was to compare clinical diagnosis and autopsy findings in patients who died in a university hospital in Tehran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data were collected in two parts. Medical records and autopsy findings of 380 dead cases, who were referred for postmortem examination to determine the cause of death, were extracted from 1021 yearly dead one files in a university hospital. First part of information included demographic data (age, sex), clinical records of hospitalized patients and the first clinical diagnosis and cause of death by the physician. The second part was related to autopsy findings (both pathology and serology) and definite cause of death. Findings: Postmortem examination revealed acceptable clinically diagnosed cause of death in 47.6% and incorrect ones in 27.7% . In 23.7% of cases, the cause of death was uncertain in which determined after autopsy. Conclusion: Considering the low rate of correct clinical diagnosis of cause of death in this study, post-mortem examination remains a valuable source of pertinent information. It is recommended to design a process to inform hospital physicians about the final cause of death. It may improve the management of hospitalized patients base on better diagnosis in similar situations.}, Keywords = {Key words: Hospitalized Patients, Clinical Cause of Death, Autopsy, Post Mortem Findings.}, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {165-173}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-467-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, Heydar and Azimi, Reza and AliDarchini, Mohsen and NabaviNik, Hossein and Mohammadi, Mortez}, title = {Estimation of Height from Linear and Angular Measurements of Foot Dimension Using Footprint in 10-12 years Male Children}, abstract ={Background: Identification is the starting point of criminal investigation and height estimation based on foot dimentions plays an important role in forensic identification also, it can be used to determine gender and age. A review on researches revealed little once had estimated the height by using the anatomical markers. The purpose of this study is to estimate the height by using longitudinal, transverse and angular index of the foot. Methods: This is a semi-experimental study. The static footprint of 20 males,10 to 12 years old, using ink system-paper was recorded. Then, by using ImageJ software, quantitative indices were achieved. Height was estimated through Linear Regression Analysis. Findings: Results showed that, the best variable for a predictive equation in height estimatin is CACL-A4 (SEE = 2.46, R2 = 0.51). Based on the findings, MPJ Width in metatrsophalangeal joint area is the weakest one for height estimation (R2 = 0.26). Conclusion: Results in a static footprint showed, the best index estimate the height is CACL-A4 while, in transverse indices, the arch width index is the best predictor.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Estimation, Footprint, Static, Height.}, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {175-182}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-468-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Gorgin, Lida and Salarilak, Shaker and Khorasani, Davood and Ahmadi, Najaf}, title = {Demographic Characteristics of Pedestrians Died from Traffic Accidents in Kurdistan Province During 2004-2009}, abstract ={Background: Traffic injuries are noticable events because of high prevalence and mortality. In Iran, traffic injuries after heart disease are the second cause of death and first cause of wasting life and it will lead to the most important problem that threats our health. The Pedestrian are the most vulnerable people in traffic injuries among them death and disability are high. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the demographic characteristics of pedestrians who died of traffic accidents over a period of six years (2004-2009) in Kurdistan province of Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study (descriptive- analytical), by census method, all 654 cases of dead pedestrians were studied. Then by using a check list for demographic characteristics, location, time of the incident and the cause of death collected and data analyzed by spss software finally. Findings: Of the 654 dead pedestrians, more than two thirds (69.1%) were male. According to age, the majority of cases were 65 and older (27.8%). Half of the fatal accidents occurred in urban roads (59.8%). There was a significant relationship between sex of victims and the location of incident (p<0.05). Also, most of the victims died before transferring to the hospital. Conclusions: Based on the findings, according to the high rate of death among older pedestrians and pre-hospitalize phase, some helpful proceedings such as training, installation of pedestrian bridges, suitable for the elders, and traffic signs besides, empowerment of medical aid system will reduce death in pedestrians.}, Keywords = {Key words: Traffic Injuries, Epidemiology, Pedestrians}, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {183-188}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-466-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Sepand, Mohammad Reza and Bagheri, Pezhm}, title = {The Simple Review of Existent Documents on Non-Food Poisoning in Iran}, abstract ={Background: Regarding redundant magnitude of non-food poisoning phenomenon in Iran, it seems a simple review of related documents in different type of this poisoning, gives a precise estimation about this subject for a correct policy- making in this field. Methods: For access to qualified and scientific information, we referred to the Iranian and international electronic databases including Irandoc, Iranmedex, Integrated Library, Scopus and Sciencedirect. A systematic search by using the most sensitive and relevant keywords including toxicity (Poisoning or Toxicity or Intoxication), non (Non-Food) and suicide (Suicide or Self-harm) was done. Then the selected studies were evaluated by a standard checklist of STROBE. Finally data extraction conducted for qualified studies. Findings: In this study, among 220 found articles, 29 articles with 72024 people were evaluated. The maximum cases of intentional poisoning (86%) were in 15-24 years old age group and also maximum cases of accidental poisoning (79%) were in under 15 years old age group. A background in poisoning or mental disorders were the main and significant factors for future poisonings. Conclusion: Respecting a simple review of national documents about morbidity and mortality of non-food poisoning in Iran, we can say attempts to legalize sale and consumption of poisons and drugs and chemical materials, low use of poisons and high use of safe controlling methods, a change in attitude and an attempt to increase general knowledge in people about poisoning and producing proper educational programs by mass media are among the main actions. If they are done, it could decrease the number of poisoned cases in Iran.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Non-Food Poisoning, Accidental Poisoning, Review Research, Iran}, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {189-198}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-463-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Taheri, Seyed Kazem and Afzali, Saeed and KhaledNaghshbandi, Mohammad and Norouzi, Faraneh and Mohammadi, Nafiseh}, title = {Report of Two Cases of Accidental Poisoning Due to "Rice Tablet" Misuse}, abstract ={Aluminum phosphide is a cheap and highly toxic pesticide which is commonly used for grain preservation. In Iran, it is known as the “rice tablet”. Ingestion of only 1.5 g of a standard tablet (3000 mg) can be lethal in human due to multiple organ failures. Unfurtunately, this high potent substance is easily available in our country. Its usage for suicidal attempts has been increasing significantly in recent years. According to the availability of garlic deragee, herbal rice tablet (Banan) and aluminum phosphide, all three in Iranian market as "garlic tablet", we may meet unintentional fatal poisoning caused by accidental ingestion of aluminum phosphide in some cases.In this manuscript, we report a successful treatment in two patients with accidental poisoning by aluminum phosphide which had happened due to nominal similarity}, Keywords = {Keywords:Rice Tablet, Aluminum Phosphide, Accidental Poisoning}, volume = {17}, Number = {3}, pages = {199-203}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-470-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Factors Associated With the Repeated Imprisonments Among Prisoners of Tuyserkan in 2012}, abstract ={ Background: Research on formation and frequency of crime is necessary because it is the only correct understanding of the underlying factors that can be act to reduce crime. This study examined factors associated with the repeated of imprisonments in prisoners of Tuyserkan city. Methods: The present study is a descriptive – analytical study done over 93 prisoners, in Tuyserkan city in 2012. A random sampling of all prisoners (n= 247) were selected. The data based on a chech list including demographic, behavioral, and the mass was collected. After collecting the data, using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used. Fingings: In total, 65.6% had a history of incarceration. The education levels of 70% of them were less than a cycle and on 64.5% of them were older than 35 years. 79.6% of them were using drugs before imprisonment. In this study, history of prison in their friends (OR =5.2) and substance use (OR =9.5) were involved in re-incarceration. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study location, (city and leased to the expatriate's home), a history of crime in friends, drug abuse before prison, age at first offense with imprisonment of repetition was a significant relationship. So we can do effective procedures to prevent and reduce repeat offenses and released back to prison, the design and implementation of the principles of classification and separation of prisoners and education them, improve prison conditions and to provide effective services to them, accepting inmates that are released by family, friends and social institutions and effective measures to prevent their exclusion.  }, Keywords = {Offenses, Imprisonment, Repeated Offenses}, volume = {17}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-502-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Emdadi, shohre and Jalilian, Farzad and Shiri, Marzieh and MirzayiAlavijeh, Mehdi and Morshedi, Mahboobeh and Ahmadpanah, Mohamad and ZinatMotlagh, Fazel}, title = {The Relationship Between Subjective Norms and Registered Volunteer Organ Donors Among Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={    Background: Organ transplantation is one of the effective treatments and sometimes the only treatment for advanced diseases But, about 10-25% of transplant required patients die without receiving the organ. This study performed to determine a relationship between subjective norms and registered volunteer organ donors among college students.     Method: This was a cross-sectional study among 330 students in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, in a classified proportionate sampling method. Data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using statistical software SPSS-16.     Findings: Results showed that the age range was 18-30 years and the mean was 21.33±3/2 years. Among samples, 67.2% were female and 32.8% were male. The majority of participants (21.9%) mentioned TV was the source of their information about organ donation card, and 6.6% had a donation Card. 25.2% of them mentioned if they had the card, their family would approve it. In addition, those who had a card were in higher subjective norms (p<0.001).     Conclusion: Based on our results, it seems that advertising and culturalization especially in broadcasting systems could have a positive role in decision making for being registered as an organ donor.  }, Keywords = {Organ Donation Card, Student, Subjective Norms}, volume = {17}, Number = {4}, pages = {217-224}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-457-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-457-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Dolatian, Mahrokh and Hesami, kajhal and Shams, Jamal and AlaviMajd, Hamid and Moafi, Farnoosh}, title = {The Barriers to Screening for Domestic Violence}, abstract ={  Background: Poor performance of a medical team to identify domestic violence is an important problem because there is not an appropriate support. On the other hand, routine screening for domestic violence leads to a rapid identification. Therefore, it may provide a wider network of prevention strategies covering primary and, more importantly, secondary and tertiary prevention. This study was conducted in 2009, aims to determine the barriers of screening domestic violence from the perspective of the medical staff in clinics and hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services.     Method: A descriptive study was performed on 100 health care personnel in clinics and hospitals related to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. Data for this study were collected in a questionnaire included demographic characteristics and barriers of screening domestic violence from the perspective of health care. In this study clinics and hospitals were randomly selected. The findings were analyzed using 17 SPSS version.     Findings: Based on the results, the mean age of the samples was 33.81 ± 6.38 years. Most respondents (63%) had a bachelor degree and two thirds of them (79 %) were midwives and nurses. The average years of experiences of the personnel was 9.93 ± 5.34 years. In the survey, most participants were confident in their abilities to investigate domestic violence in different areas and were satisfied of helping abused women. However, due to a lack of proper training in this area, they were hesitant to ask questions about violence against women. Also, as most of them expressed, they did not intervene personally unless, the women themselves sought help. In the area of ​​ employment barriers, lack of sufficient time to discuss about domestic violence, lack of adequate support resources and legal consequences were expressed by most participants as barriers of the screening .     Conclusion: According to the results, attention to risks of domestic violence and considering violence as a problem that needs to be screened could be useful for identification of at risk individuals and planning for women training also, to identify ways of reducing threats of violence in men.    }, Keywords = {Domestic Violence - Screening Barriers- Health Care Personnel}, volume = {17}, Number = {4}, pages = {225-232}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-458-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-458-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rajaei, Farzad and Mahmoudi, Reza and Sarookhani, Mohammad Reza and Riasati, Mohamm}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {17}, Number = {4}, pages = {233-238}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-459-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-459-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Solhi, Hassan and Jamalian, Mohammad and Eshrati, Babak and Talebi, Ashkan and Kazemifar, Amir Mohammad and Rafieipour, Ate}, title = {Carbon Monoxide Production by Wall-Mounted Gas Water-Heaters Used in Apartments of Arak City, Iran in 2011}, abstract ={    Background : Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is very common and cause numerous mortalities worldwide. Gas-burning equipments, particularly gas water-heaters are suspected to produce CO. Present study is aimed to evaluate CO production by wall mounted gas water-heaters used at apartments in Arak city of Iran.     Methods : 250 apartments were randomly selected and evaluated for characteristics of their water-heaters, and their flues, after consent provided by their owners. CO concentration in various parts of the apartment was measured in 5, 10, and 15 minutes after function of the water heaters. Query of the residents for common symptoms of CO poisoning was performed too. The findings were analyzed by repeated measurement assessment, one-way ANOVA, and T-test.     Findings : After action of the gas water-heater, CO concentrations raised progressively in all parts of the apartment. CO concentrations were more than 9 ppm in 21% of the kitchens and bathrooms, and 6% of the bedrooms and halls after 15 minute continuous operation of the gas water-heaters. There were a meaningful rise in CO concentration correlates with years of use of the gas water-heaters in the apartments (p<0.001).     Conclusion : Gas water-heaters are potential creators of CO at home. Continuous operation of gas water-heaters progressively produces more CO in the environment. It is especially true if the gas water-heater was old. It is found that gas water-heater working for 15 minutes, produces significant amount of carbon monoxide which in inappropriate air conditioning situation could be stayed for hours. So, more notice should be offered to constant check, monitoring and control of right function of gas water-heaters and proper ventilation of the environment in the home.   }, Keywords = { Poisoning, Carbon Monoxide, Water-heater, Mortality, Prevention }, volume = {17}, Number = {4}, pages = {239-246}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-493-en.html}, eprint = {}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2012} }