@article{ author = {Kazemi, abdolhassan and MoghaddamShahabi, Nasrollah and Ebrahimi, hossein and Jabbari, Hossein and FathalizadehParapary, Pouya and SafaeiGhaderi, Ali}, title = {Academic Staff Attitude Toward Euthanasia in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background: Euthanasia or good death refers to the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve patient’s pain and suffering. There are different euthanasia rules in each country. Attitudes toward euthanasia differ between individuals and populations, and in many studies the medical profession is more reluctant than the general public. Our goal was to explore academic staff attitude toward euthanasia in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This is a cross sectional study that an anonymous questionnaire was sent to  132 randomly selected physicians in Tabriz Uni. of Med. Sci. between 2009-2010, consisting of 15 multiple choice questions on definition and classification of euthanasia, legal status and attitude toward euthanasia among Islamic populations. Data were analyzed with SPSS16. Results: Analyzing 132 completed questions showed that only 10.2% and 6.2% endorsed the view that a physician should be permitted, under some circumstances, to allow a patient to end his or her life in hospitals and non-hospital (such as home). 59.1% and 80.6% endorsed the view that this practice should never be permitted in hospitals and non-hospital status such as her or his home. Of the groups surveyed, hematologists-oncologists and psychiatrists (100%) were most likely to oppose euthanasia and assisted suicide, and anesthesiologists (50%) were most likely to support these practices among hospitalized patients. Conclusion: In sharp contrast to similar surveys conducted in other countries, only a minority of physicians supported the euthanasia in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. It seems that palliative care needs to be stronger established and promoted within the Iranian health care system in order to improve the quality of end-of-life situations among terminally ill patients.}, Keywords = { Euthanasia, Attitude, Academic staff, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {7-15}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-957-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-957-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, Amin and Gholamzadeh, Saeed and Zarenejad, Mohammad and Ayoubi, Yassin and Abdolahifard, Gholamrez}, title = {Demographic Investigation of Mortality due to Accidents Referring to Legal Medicine Organization in Fars Province during 2004-2014}, abstract ={Introduction: Today, the death toll from traffic accidents is the most important and has become a continuous and dangerous threat to public health, even in developed countries. This report aims to determine the relationship between demographic variables and deaths in Fars province, as well as the identification of susceptible groups for better planning to prevent and reduce mortality. Method: This cross sectional study was performed to evaluate the incidence of death related traffic accidents in population of Fars province between 2004-2014. For gathering data about traffic accidents; we use medical council organization and death registration council in Fars province. In this research we study variables such as age, gender the place of accidents including: urban and suburban and rural roads, time of accidents including: year and month. For analysis of death ratio trend and gradients calculation, we use linear regression. The specific rate of death is calculated with dividing number of accidents related death in each year by population with different age in Fars province and same year. For analysis of data, we use some software’s such as Excel, SPSS 21 and chi-squared test, independent sample t-test analysis, correlation coefficient for level of significance. Results: This study showed that the majority of traffic accidents related mortality in males (85.5%) who are young (15-30 years old) in urban roads. The maximum rate of death related accidents happened in 2005 (11.7%) and in September (10.6%) and minimum rate happened in 2014 (7.7%) in January. The results show reduction in percentage of accidents related death to 27.2% in 10 years. The maximum growth rate of accidents was contributed to 2013 (6.6%) and minimum growth rate was in 2007 (21.5%). Also correlation between age and gender in accidents related death was considered significant. Conclusion: According to this study, despite of decreasing trends in car accidents related death, most of deaths are influenced working age population and impose severe psychological and socioeconomic burden to society. We suggest performing culture-building practices about accident inducing injuries and complications and doing prevention actions to see decrease in traffic mortality and morbidity.  }, Keywords = {Traffic accident, Death, Fars, Death related accident}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-25}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-958-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-958-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khademi, Nassim and nahidi, Fatemeh and Arisian, Mohammad and Nafe, Mahdis and Salehi, Bahm}, title = {Frequency of Aggression among Sexual Assault Victims Referred to Legal Medicine Organization in Isfahan Province}, abstract ={Introduction: Aggression is a mental disorder that can occur following rape. Diagnosis and treatment of this disorder will help the victims. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of aggression among victims of rape refer to Legal Medicine Organization in Isfahan province in 2015. Methods: This descriptive study consisted of 93 subjects, which referred to Isfahan Forensic Medical Center were selected randomly. Study tools included demographic information sheet and SCL-90 questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation test, in depended t and one way ANOVA were used in SPSS v.17. Results: 12.9%(12 people) of patients had mild (0-1), 57% (53 people) moderate (1-3), 30.1% (28 people) severe (3-4) aggression. Regarding 6 sub-indices of aggression index, 45.2% (42 people) of the subjects had too much experience in a get out of the furnace. 34.4% (32 people) anger, 34.4% (32 people) desire to beating, 32.2% (30 people) desire to throw things, 31.2% (30 people) discussion and engagement, 35.5% (33 people) shout and shout had too much experience. Conclusion: The results showed a significant positive association between rape experience and aggression (p<0.001). The results showed that the majority of victims of sexual assault had aggression due to the increasing rate of sexual assaults on women and the recognition of rape as a disruptive factor for mental health, strategies and resources should be allocated for the prevention of rape and early diagnosis and treatment of aggression, and other complications.}, Keywords = { Aggression, Women, Sexual assault}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {26-33}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-959-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-959-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Azimi, Fatemeh}, title = {Sexuality Change and its Criminal Effects}, abstract ={Sexuality change is one of the important issues that have led to the emergence of new legal and criminal issues that have never been before. If a person commits a crime in accordance with sex change regulations and has committed a crime before the change, but the sentence has not been issued or has been issued, but not enforced, will the sexuality change affect the punishment of the offenses in question? In spite of the fact that the legislator in the Islamic Penal Code on various materials, wherever he was the subject of an offense and committed a crime, refers to anyone who, or any man and every woman, has the same distinction in the subject and the perpetrator crime is not gender-based. On the other hand, there are also offenses that, due to the type of crime, the subject of the offense is only one of the two males or females, so that if the subject changes one of the males to females or vice versa, the type of crime committed and its punishment has also changed, and sometimes even the criminal character of action is lost. The purpose of the present research is to respond to the criminal effects of sexuality change in light of the legislator's silence and the lack of explicit legal clarification on gender change. The method of research is an analytical and descriptive method, which is done by studying books, articles and consulting with lawyers and specialist doctors.  This study, with jurisprudential and legal review, led to the conclusion that what is important is the importance of gender in the crime at the time of committing a crime, even if his sex after the crime was changed.}, Keywords = { Crime, Punishment, Sexuality change, Physician}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {34-46}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-960-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-960-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Asadi, Payman and Niazmand, Fatemeh and MalekiZiabari, Seide Masoomeh}, title = {Investigating the Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Job Burnout in Personnel Working at the Center for Accident and Emergency Management of State of Guilan}, abstract ={Introduction: The presence of committed human resources in any organization leads to improving its performance and achieving individual and organizational goals. Especially relief agencies that deal with people's lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and job burnout among the employees of the Guilan Center of Emergency Medicine. Objective: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 among the emergency medical staff of Guilan. The statistical population includes 425 personnel of Guilan province Center for Accident and Emergency Management, which 201 person were selected for sampling, used for data gathering in this study. Maslach burnout inventory questionnaire and Allen & Meyer's organizational commitment questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson correlation test and  SPSS-19 software are used for data analysis. Results: In this study (13.9%) were female and 86% male. The average organizational commitment is 4 with a standard deviation of 894%. Also, burnout has a mean of 3 and a standard deviation of 391%. The results show that the mean of all dimensions of organizational commitment with burnout is directly related to coefficient (132%) and significant (p <0.05). Conclusion:  Increasing organizational commitment reflects the acceptance of organizational goals and values on the part of the employees, and committed employees have a better job performance in the organization and a lower level of job burnout. Therefore, it is imperative that managers and comrades try to increase their level and put it into their own plans.  }, Keywords = { Job burnout, Organizational commitment, Emergency medical science}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {47-52}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-961-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-961-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Najjari, Fares}, title = {Investigation of Bullet Shooting Rresults in Referral Death to the Kahrizak Hall of Legal Medicine Organization from 2010 to 2014}, abstract ={Background: Given that police statistics show awareness of the fact that the use of firearms and more generally the availability of firearms in the country has increased. The study of dead-bullets can provide valuable information on changing patterns of use. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the shooting of the bullets that led to the death of the Kahrizak Hall of Legal Medicine Organization from 2010 to 2014. Methodology:This is a descriptive and analytical research which is applied in terms of purpose and a census study in terms of data collection. 220 gunshot death cases were examined in a dissection hall of Legal Medicine Organization for a five-year period. The statistical analysis of the collected data was conducted via SPSS software (Ed. 18) and chi-square test. Results: The research samples of this study included 95.9% male and 4.1% female corpses. The average age of the deceased persons was 31.5. In 41.4% of cases of gunshot injury, the main hurt organ was brain, while in 47.3% of cases the injured area of body has been head. 23.3% of gunshot death cases were suicides and 31.1% have been homicides. 60.5% of cases under study were handgun shootings. 47.1% of suicide cases were occurred at home, 41.3% of cases were street homicides, 48.8% of the cases under study were accidental gunshots in military camps, and 90.6% were gunshot deaths following the street clashes with police.          Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the existence of a relationship between the availability of weapons and the rate of suicide. In addition, many cases of shotgun deaths occur accidentally in military camps and by soldiers, which can be prevented by interventions.}, Keywords = { Epidemiology, Gunshot, Legal medicine }, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {53-59}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-962-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-962-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Maryami, Zohreh and Moosavi, Mahdieh Sadat and Vaseghrahimparvar, Seyedeh Fatemeh and raisi, Firoozeh and Kahani, Alireza and Bahrani, Naser}, title = {Study of Quality of Life Aspects in Male to Female Gender Dysphoria in Terms of Sex Reassignment Surgery}, abstract ={Background: Sex reassignment surgery has been done as a therapeutic option in people with gender dysphoria in Iran and other countries that has not been determined. The impact of related factors including age at surgery, duration of past surgery and the individual complaints on quality of life, so this study has been completed with the aimed to assess quality of life aspects in male to female gender dysphoria in terms of sex reassignment surgery. Methods: This cross-sectional study has been done in 2013 on 46 male to female gender dysphoria. To evaluate the samples’ quality of life, the demographic information was collected at first step and then quality of life standardized questionnaire (SF36) was utilized. Results: Base on ANOVA analysis, there was not a significant relationship between duration of past surgery and cosmetic surgery. However, there was a significant relationship between age of people at the time of surgery and satisfaction with the apparent characteristics (p<0.05). Therefore, the people who had completed surgery in the age of 28-22 years had a higher quality of life, and those who were dissatisfied with the characteristics of appearance had lower quality of life than others. Conclusion :It is necessary to have consultations with a team of experts including psychiatrist and psychologist that can choose suitable person for surgery with a view to considering age factor and follow-up of persons for reduction of difficulties after surgery.}, Keywords = {Quality of life, Satisfaction of apparent characteristics, Age of surgery, Sex reassignment surgery}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {60-69}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-963-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-963-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Salarzaee, Amir Hamze and RayatieHeydarAbadi, Rzie}, title = {Based Out of Conflict Judicial Indications Based on Medical Tests With Legal Indications}, abstract ={In the current era ، despite the complexity and variety of crimes against humanity,  judicial  justice without tapping new sources of forensic science and new technologies is somewhat difficult. In the age of information and communication technologies, laboratory data as one of the important examples of evidence of crimes are one of the legal indications due to the progress of science in recent years. The prospect of a new scientific discovery has opened crimes to humanity. In fact, this indication is an indirect reason based eyewitness and vote judge that the result in science is the subject of complaint leading to a decision on the occurrence or non-occurrence of the crime by the accused. Important medical- experimental indications more time that we are looking for answers to these questions that in what form and with what basis come first, legal indications based on laboratory data that primarily are of valid guess. Considering the importance of this issue and assumption of this article based on priority of medical data on legal indications must be specified. This descriptive and analytical article that was set with library tools, reviewed radix of priority of the legal indications based on laboratory data under explain of position of evidence of proof  and definition of indications and express aspects of difference of judicial and legal indications and validity of laboratory data in law and jurisprudence and accordingly has proven to be despite of  priority intermittent and typical legal indications on judicial indications under normal conditions. Laboratory data serve as judicial indications on legal indications is the first because of science production and more fact finding and of access of reasons of proof in Emam Law and jurisprudence and judge's knowledge validity.}, Keywords = {Judge knowledge, Experimental data, Judicial indications, Legal indications, Validity}, volume = {24}, Number = {1}, pages = {70-80}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-964-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-964-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Navabi, Seyed Jafar and Eivazi, Massoomeh and Beiranvand, Behruz}, title = {An epidemiological study of patients with methanol poisoning and the factors affecting the prognosis of patients in imam khomeini hospital Kermanshah 2010-2015}, abstract ={Aims: Every year, many people come to emergency care due to methanol poisoning and receive healthcare services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effective factors in the prognosis of patients with acute methanol poisoning admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Kermanshah during 2010-1015. Instruments & Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive-analytic study. Sampling was done by census method. The study population included patients with acute methanol poisoning referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Kermanshah from 2010 to 2015. The required information including age, gender, date of referral, times interval until patient referral, clinical signs and symptoms of ECG symptoms, type of treatment and eventual poisoning from medical records and phone call with patients referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital were collected by filling in the relevant checklist. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22. Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test or Fisher exact test, and multivariate logistic regression were used. Findings: 188 (96.5%) of the patients were male and 7 (3.5%) were female. The mortality rate of the patients was 12.5%. There was a significant relationship among mortality rate and age, clinical symptoms (including coma, blurred vision, pupil size, nausea, and vomiting), laboratory symptoms (including urea, creatinine, glucose, AST, ALT, CPK, LDH, pH, and bicarbonate), non-cardiac rhythms, prescription of ethanol, folic acid, corticosteroid and bicarbonate, and conducting, the frequency, and duration of dialysis (p<0.05). Conclusion: Consciousness level, creatinine level, and pH of methanol-poisoned patients when admitted to the emergency department can predict the outcome of treatment and the mortality situation.  }, Keywords = {Poisoning, Methanol, Prognosis, Mortality }, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {175-184}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-793-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-793-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Beigi, Sakine and Salahshour, Babak and Mehrtash, Marzie}, title = {Epidemiological and Demographic Status of Conflicts in the Forensic Offices of North Khorasan Province}, abstract ={Aims: In the North Khorasan province with a multicultural population, the conflict has appeared as a notable phenomenon. The aim of this research was to investigate the epidemiology and demography of conflict in the forensic offices of North Khorasan province, Iran. Instruments & Methods: In this descriptive-survey research, 2258 people, who were referred to forensic offices of North Khorasan from the criminal and police courts during 4 months (May-September 2016), were investigated. In this regard, a questionnaire was designed and given to referrals. The data were analyzed, using SPSS 19 software and Chi-square test. Findings: 89.77% of conflicts were related to people with income less than 1 million Toman per month. 38.09% of conflicts occurred at home and 41.67% occurred among relatives. 83.00% of people had diplomas and lower than diploma. The most common weapon used was knife (48.16%). The frequency of conflicts in Ramadan was lower than other days. Conclusion: In North Khorasan province, most of the conflicts are related to people with low income and low education levels due to family issues. During Ramadan, the conflict is less than in other months and in the cold months, it occurs less than the other months. The pattern of using pre-defined tools in the conflicts is very serious and alarming. The results on the frequency of the place of conflict, the existence of a kinship relationship between the assailant and the victim, the cause of the conflict, and the marital status of the injured may indicate that family in this province is threatened with violence.}, Keywords = {Epidemiology, Demography, Conflict, Legal Medicine Center of North Khorasan}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {185-192}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-942-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-942-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mahdavi, Seyyed Amir Hossein and Soltani, Kamran and Maghdoori, Fateme and Mehradmanesh, Saeed Rez}, title = {Essential Indicator Set for Organizing Records of Legal Medicine Commission of Iran}, abstract ={Aims: Legal medicine records are one of the main sources of information for performing legal duties and serving the service, and the most important tools for filling and retrieving information in the investigation and responding process. The results of the thoughts and measures of legal medicine organization are preserved as records and documents, which have been produced with considerable time and cost. For the creation of records information, so that they can be used quickly and easily, it is necessary to organize the data appropriately so that data filling and retrieval can be done conveniently. The aim of this study was to develop essential indicator set for organizing records of legal medicine commission of Iran. Instruments & Methods: This study was performed by descriptive and Delphi methods in Iranian Legal Medicine Organization during 2016 and 2017. In this study, with Delphi method, the initial questionnaire was designed and 400 file of referrals to the commission of Tehran Legal Medicine Center were randomly studied and analyzed with descriptive statistics. By studying and reviewing the results of the initial questionnaire by experts and members of the Delphi panel, the indicators led to the final compilation. Findings: To organize records in 3 main parts, 27 indicators and 175 evaluation criteria were extracted and the determination of record retention period for commission were agreed upon by experts. Conclusion: Currently, Legal Medicine Organization faces weaknesses in organizing records of legal medicine commission. Organizational indicators improve the speed and simplicity of access to valuable information of records. Records can be legally summerized with the permission of the National Documents Council.}, Keywords = {Indicator, Organizing Record, Record Retention Period}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {193-201}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1017-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1017-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Forouzesh, Mehdi and Mirhadi, Seyed Javad and Mohammadi3, Saeed and JavadiVasigh, Hosein and Asadi, Khatere}, title = {Frequency and Pattern of Injuries of Traffic Accidents Presenting to Bandar Abbas Forensic Medicine Center by Detecting Factitious Injuries from 2016 to 2017}, abstract ={Aims: Considering the high rate of factitious injuries in Iran and in order to identify such injuries and providing solutions to reduce fraud in the use of insurance, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating injury patterns, personal characteristics, and traffic accident coordinates. Instruments & Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted from July 2016 to the end of June 2017 on factitious injuries diagnosed in the Forensic Medicine office in Hormozgan province. A checklist containing demographic variables and the type and location of injuries were used to collect the data. The criminal records of individuals were investigated by Police Criminal Investigation Department of Hormozgan Province. The data was analyzed in Stata 12, using Chi-square. Findings: Out of 58 cases of factitious injuries, 57 cases were male (98.3%) and most cases (51.7%) were from the age group of 20 to 30 years. Most individuals were self- employed (72.4%) and had the level of education below the diploma (65.5%). The most common site of superficial injury was the forearm (60.3%), the most common site of fracture was Distal Ulna (25.9%), and the most common manifestation of factitious injury was abrasion. Conclusion: The most cases with factitious injuries were male in the age group 20 to 30 years, self- employed, and with elementary of education and criminal record. With regard to the pattern of injuries, the most common site of superficial injury and fracture are forearm and Distal Ulna, respectively, and the most common manifestation of factitious injury is abrasion.}, Keywords = {Accident, Factitious injuries, Forensic Centers of Hormozgan}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {203-210}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1019-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1019-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Yousefinejad, Vahid and Sohrabi, Mohsen and Mohammadzadeh, Pardis}, title = {Coordination of the Causes of Deaths Recorded in Death Certificates Issued in Sanandaj Hospitals with ICD10 Codes during 2015-2017}, abstract ={Aims: World Health Organization has codified the guidelines for correct filling of death certificates, choosing the cause of death, and documenting it according to ICD10 codes. In this study, the coordination of the causes of death recorded on death certificates issued at Sanandaj Hospitals was, evaluated using ICD_10 criteria. Instruments & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 1506 death certificates were extracted during July 2015 to September 2017 form Tohid and Besat Hospital archives and information including age, gender, season, attending physician, the physician who issued the certificate, the admitting ward, and ICD10 codes were collected. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software, using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance. Findings: The total number of investigated certificates in Tohid and Besat Hospitals was 743 and 763, respectively. Most of the death certificates, according to the principles of ICD-10, were related to the mean age of 29.68±2.81 years. Incorrect and blank codes in Besat Hospital was 69.7% and 1.3%, respectively, and.7% and 2.6% in Tohid Hospital, respectively. The most common mistakes in determining the cause of death were, based on ICD-10 principles, for pediatricians, neurosurgery, and the least common mistakes was related to forensic professionals. Conclusion: The accuracy of the causes of death recorded by physician based on ICD-10 principles was desirable in Tohid Hospital and was low in Besat Hospital, indicating a failure to properly determine the cause of death by physicians on death certificates in this hospital.}, Keywords = {Cause of death, Certificate, ICD-10 Principles}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {211-217}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1020-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1020-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khalili, Zahra and Sadrollahi, Ali}, title = {Relationship between Socio-Demographic Factors and the Prevalence of Abuse among the Elderly Population Covered by Health Centers in Kashan}, abstract ={Aims: Growth of the elderly population has led to an increase in the prevalence of abuse against them, which is considered a major social health problem in today's communities. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the prevalence of abuse among the elderly population covered by health centers in Kashan. Instruments and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study in 2014, 500 elderly people over 60 years covered by health centers in Kashan were selected through multistage cluster sampling. The domestic elder abuse questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21, using Chi-square and logistic regression analysis. Findings: The mean age of the study population was 72.07±9.03 years. The prevalence of emotional neglect, neglect of care, and financial neglect, divest, experienced psychological abuse, financial abuse, physical abuse, and rejection was 6.8%, 8.29%, 2.35%, 6.37%, 45%, 2.41%, 22.45%, and 16.6%, respectively. A significant statistical relationship was observed between the abuse and age (p=0.001), number of children (p=0.001), marital status (p=0.011), the living conditions of elder with family (p=0.001), having disease (p=0.029), and having the ability to walk (p=0.001). Conclusion: Adults with a higher age, more children, without a spouse, living with a child, and having a history of illness and inability to walk are more exposed to abuse.  }, Keywords = {Elder Abuse, Elder, Social factors }, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {219-227}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-690-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-690-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Parvini, Ali and Aghaei, Majid and TaheriDanaloo, Mo}, title = {Legal Measures for the Prevention and Counteraction of Crimes and Violation of Food and Drink in Iran’s Legal System}, abstract ={Introduction: As one of the vital needs of the human community, the health of food and drink has always attracted the attention of legislators. Because unhealthy nutrition has adverse effects and consequences such as the spread of disease, physical and psychological disturbances will be addressed to the community. The aim of this study was to investigate the legal measures for the prevention and counteraction of crimes and violation of food and drink in Iran’s legal system. In this review study with library method, materials were collected by taking notes and they were analyzed, using descriptive-analytical method and logical deduction. Conclusion: To respond to what the crimes and violation of food stuff field are and what the measures of legislator are to confronte and prevent these crimes, primary legitimate criminal policy of Iran in food stuff and drink field and its dimensions, as well as important institutions for dealing with these crimes and violation were expressed. Then the measures that legislators in anticipation and prevention of these crimes and incidents have predicted, depending on the current rules, were investigated. Finally, these challenges and solutions in this field and the ways to egress have been mentioned.}, Keywords = {Food and drinking stuff , Crimes and offenses, Legal measures }, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {229-248}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1016-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1016-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Daneshparvar, Hamidreza and Saboori, Hanieh and Hedayatshodeh, Mohammadjavad and Amiri, Abolfazl and Asgari, Mahboobeh and Ghazanfaripoor2, Behz}, title = {Autopsy Findings in a Sudden Death Case}, abstract ={Introduction: Trafficking illicit drugs by body packers is a common problem in many countries. Trying to hide the packs by these people and lack of clear history in most cases makes diagnosis difficult. This study was an autopsy finding about a sudden death in a 37-year-old man suffering from cardiac arrest at the airport. Patient & Methods: On December 1, 2017, a 37-year-old man at Imam Khomeini airport in Tehran, while intending travel abroad, suffered from cardiac arrest and sudden death. Due to death in public places and unknown cause of death, the body was referred to Forensic Organization. On the physical examination, no apparent signs of trauma were found. There was no abnormal observation in the examination of the brain, heart, throat, and larynx. The lungs were firm and congested. Mucous erosion was observed in the stomach and narrow intestine. In longitudinal incision of the colon, 13 white packets of 2 cm in length and 0.5 cm in width, were found containing methamphetamine, two of which were pierced and discharged into the body. In GC-mass and TLC toxicology tests, the presence of methamphetamine in urine, bile, and stomach contents was confirmed and acute toxicity of methamphetamine was determined as the cause. Conclusion: In cases of sudden unexpected death in young individuals, especially at airports and terminals, pierced packs in a body packer should be considered as the cause of death. Performing a complete autopsy to confirm the toxicity and determining the type of drug trafficking and rule out the other causes of death and homicidal matters is necessary.}, Keywords = {Body packer, Methamphetamine, Sudden death }, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {249-254}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1018-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1018-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Eskandarion, Mohammadreza and KheirvariKhezerloo, Jamil and Hemmatian, Shaghayegh and Tabasi, Mohsen and Ghorbani, Raheb}, title = {Prevalence of Anabolic Steroids among the Male Bodybuilding Athletes and Rate of Awareness to Side Effects in Shahrud}, abstract ={Aims: With the development of bodybuilding in Iran, abusing anabolic steroids has been a big problem. Also, the common and irreversible complications of these drugs for the athletes themselves are an important and controversial issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anabolic steroids and the awareness of male bodybuilder athletes and their coaches about the side effects of these drugs in Shahrud. Instruments and Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, conducted in 2012, 200 bodybuilding athletes from Shahrud were selected by random cluster sampling from 12 different gyms. A questionnaire containing demographic data, drug use status, and athletes' awareness of the complications of drugs were completed. The data were analyzed by SPSS software 18, using Chi-square test. Findings: 59.5% of the athletes used anabolic steroid, the most common of which was Nandrolone (41.5%), Testosterone (39.5%), and Prohormone (39%). 68.0% of the athletes were married. The use of dianabol, suestanol and oxymetholone tablets in married athletes was significantly higher than single ones (p<0.05). 86.2% of champion athletes had the history of using anabolic steroids. 33.6% of the athletes did not know the complications of these drugs. Conclusion: 59.5% of the male athletes in Shahrud use anabolic steroids, the most common of which is Nandrolone. High consumption and low awareness of the side effects of these drugs and the easy access of athletes to these drugs show the necessity of informing athletes and coaches about the complications of anabolic steroids and the formulation of prevention programs.}, Keywords = {Awareness, Prevalence, Anabolic Steroids, Bodybuilding Athletes}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-997-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-997-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Zare, Fariba and ansari, hossein and Mohammadi, Mahdi and Takiyeh, Hamideh}, title = {Epidemiological Pattern of Intentional and Unintentional Injuries Reported to Zahedan Forensic Medicine during 2008-2016}, abstract ={Aims: Intentional and unintentional injuries are known as a significant health problem, worldwide, and the leading causes of death, so that, about 5 million people die from violence and injuries annually, and thousands of injured, disabled, and disadvantaged people die for every person who dies. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological findings of intentional and unintentional injuries recorded in forensic medicine in Zahedan. Instruments and Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive study, 1400 cases were selected systematically from the cases of accidents and incidents reported to the forensic medicine during 2008-2016. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square, using Stata.14 software. Findings: 59.7% (836 cases) of injuries were due to unintentional injuries and 40.3% (564 cases) of injuries were due to intentional injuries, and also the most injuries were related to accidents and the struggles, followed by burns. The age group of 15-29 years old and later 30-44 years old had the highest frequency of intentional and unintentional injuries among other age groups. The frequency of burn in women was higher than that of men, but the frequency of other injuries in men was higher than that of women. Conclusion: The most commonly reported injuries to the forensic medicine in Zahedan during the years 2008-2016 are accidents and struggle that occur in most cases at a young age.}, Keywords = {Injuries, Epidemiology, Forensic Medicine}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-946-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-946-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Jangi, Paria and Ramak, Nahid and Sangani, Alirez}, title = {Comparative Study of Self-Destructive Behaviors, Irrational Beliefs, and Emotional Distress Tolerance in Two Male Groups of Recovering from Addiction to Narcotics and Stimulants}, abstract ={Aims: The cognitive, emotional, and behavioral-related problems associated with addiction to narcotics in the dependence situation and even treatment is different, depending on the type of narcotics; therefore, the aim of this study was to compare self-destructive behaviors, irrational beliefs, and emotional distress tolerance in two male groups of recovering from addiction to narcotics and stimulants. Instruments and Methods: The research method was descriptive comparative or post-event. The statistical population included all recovered drug addicts in 8 residential centers of Gorgan in spring 2017, 40 of whom were recovering from addiction to the opioid, and 40 patients were recovering from addition to the stimulants. These persons were selected by two-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection instruments were Jones' Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT), Emotional Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multivariate variance analysis, using SPSS 24 software. Findings: There was a significant difference among the need for receiving confirmation from others, the tendency to blame, emotional irresponsibility, high concern with anxiety, avoidance of the problem and dependence on the variables of irrational beliefs and subscales of tolerance and absorption to the negative emotions in the emotional distress tolerance, and self-destructive behaviors in the two groups of men recovering from the opioid and stimulant with 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). Conclusion: Self-destructive behaviors, irrational beliefs, and emotional distress tolerance are in a better position in the men recovering from opioid compared with the men recovering from stimulants.}, Keywords = {Self-destructive behaviors, Irrational beliefs, Emotional distress tolerance, Addiction}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {17-22}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-947-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-947-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Garkaz, O and SalariLak, Sh and Mehryar, H.R and Khalkhali, H.R}, title = {Study ending of hospitalized traffic accidents injured in Urmia Imam Khomeini hospital by using TRISS method}, abstract ={Aims: One of the most common events is traffic accidents. Road accidents are the second death cause and age loss in the country. The aim of this study was to determine the survival rate of traffic accident victims and assessing the quality of hospital care in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia by using TRISS method. Instruments and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 760 accident victims hospitalized to Imam Khomeini Hospital of Urmia in 2017; they were selected purposefully. Respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and the severity of injuries of the patient were collected based on the relevant expert report, and using the TRISS software, the probability of survival for patients were calculated. Z and W static were used to compare survival probability. Findings: The number of male injured individuals were 562 (73.9%) and female were 198 (26.1%). 74 (9.7%) injured individuals were between 0 and 14 years old, 437 (57.5%) individuals were between 15 and 54 years old, and 249 (32.7%) individuals were over 54 years old. The mean of RTS was 7.67±0.55 and 6.00±1.57 for the survived and non-survived individuals, respectively. The mean of the ISS was 21.62±17.63 and 56.32±25.02 for the survived and non-survived individuals, respectively. Also, the expected death was 60, and the observed death was 69. Conclusion: The number of observed deaths is more than the expected ones, indicating the low quality of hospital care.}, Keywords = {Traffic Accident, Quality of Care, Hospital, Iran}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {23-29}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-978-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-978-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Asadipour, E. and Behzadipour, S. and Zarenezhad, M.}, title = {Comparison of Suicidal Tendency in Male Operated and Non-operated Patients Suffering from Gender Dysphoria, in Fars Province between 2011 and 2013}, abstract ={Aims: Gender identity disorder is one of the most important psychiatric disorders. Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS), despite having high social and psychological pressure, heals many problems of these people. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing suicidal tendency in male operated and non-operated patients suffering from gender dysphoria in Fars province between the 2011 and 2013. Instruments and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in Fars province during 2012 to 2013 on 70 patients with gender dysphoria, dividing into 35 operated male to female patients and 35 non-operated male to female patients by available sampling method. Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI) was used to measure susceptibility of individuals to suicide. The findings were analyzed, suing SPSS 22 software and by ANOVA. Findings: The mean age of the patients in the population was 27.47±3.30 years. The mean of suicidal tendency was significantly different between the operated and non-operated patients and the non-operated group was more likely to commit suicide than the operated group (F=4.09; p<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between age of the studied population and suicide susceptibility. In other words, with increasing age, the susceptibility to suicide was reduced. Conclusion: The operated patients with gender identity disorder are more likely to suicide and are more susceptible to suicide compared with the non-operated patients.}, Keywords = {Gender Dysphoria, Suicidal Tendency, Sex Reassignment Surgery, Forensic Medicine}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {31-36}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1004-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1004-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Purebrahim, A and Goldozian, I and Ramezani, A and Moradi, M}, title = {Jurisprudential-Legal Approaches to Stem Cells Technology}, abstract ={Introduction: Along with the use of stem cells technology, many jurisprudential, moral, and legal challenges have been created, including the exploitation of women, intentional abortion, conversion embryos into commodities, stem cells trade, breaking the human dignity, and threats caused by biological agents. Elimination of such possible consequences requires drafting laws and legal mechanisms compatible with regional and cultural beliefs of peoples in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate jurisprudence-legal approaches to stem cells technology. Embryonic stem cells are more favorable to the medical community due to their lack of differentiation for the treatment of various diseases; since the extraction of embryonic stem cells necessarily involves the destruction of embryos, there will be many debates and disagreements, and there are ethical, religious, and sometimes dissenting views on the subject in general. The present review research was conducted, using library and documentary method and studying books, papers, and researches and other authoritave scientific references. Conclusion: Despite many efforts in the framework of formal and informal arrangements and considering religious, cultural, and social potential capacities of the country, unfortunately the rules in this issue require a serious and effective plan.}, Keywords = {Stem cell, Jurisprudential approach, Legal Status, Criminalization}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {37-46}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1021-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1021-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {AjoriAyask, A}, title = {Challenges for Implication of the La-Haraj Rule and Identifying Its Examples in Therapeutic Abortion}, abstract ={Introduction: The first right of the fetus is living. Therefore, the first order of the Sharia is the prohibition of abortion, except in cases, where it is permitted for the sake of prudence. Neither Islam develops the scope of the abortion permission, like some of the laws of the Western countries, that the life of the fetus is an option on their parents’ hands, nor it limits this scope in such a way that the abortion is not permitted even with distress for mother. Hence, the most important basis for the permission to abortion is the rule of La-Haraj, which is embodied in the Therapeutic Abortion Law approved in 2005. According to this rule, the first sentences that cause distress and constriction are removed from the person. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the mentioned rule in therapeutic abortion and how it is diagnosed. Conclusion: Although with the passage of the Therapeutic Abortion Law an important step has been taken to regulate the issue of abortion, for the determination of the legal examples of abortion, it has not been comprehensively used from the rule as a powerful and dominant rule of Islamic jurisprudence, and in this field, the law has gaps that needs to be resolved. The second point is about how Haraj (distress) is diagnosed with therapeutic abortion. The vast majority of jurists accepted the criterion of the personal character of Haraj and the only thing that is expressed in the law is the assumption of abnormalities in the fetus. However, as it is treated in the abnormal abortion claims, it means accepting a typical criterion; the result that is incompatible with the base of the rule and its nature of appreciative, and it must be corrected.}, Keywords = {Abortion, Therapeutic Abortion, Distress and Constriction, Personal Criteria, Typical Criteria}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {47-56}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-948-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-948-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Ghadipasha, M. and Jafari, Gh. and Alimohamadi, A.M. and Aram, S.}, title = {A Case of Fifth Metacarpal Neck Fracture}, abstract ={Aims: Determining the impact mechanism is one of the most important measures in forensic science. The mechanism of fracture of the metacarpal neck is squeezed directly into the fist. Often, this type of fracture is due to the impact of the first depending on the hard. In this study, we introduce a case of this fracture. Patient’s Information: He was a middle-aged man, who had ache with various areas of the body followed by a quarrel, and came to the forensic medical center in 2018. His injuries included fifth right metacarpal neck fracture in addition to several superficial scratches. The judiciary asked forensic medicine to declare that, inasmuch as the plaintiff acknowledged that the damage had been caused by the iron cutter bow saw, according to the type of injury, with what it was created. Replying to judiciary, the forensic medicine declared that the fifth right metacarpal neck fracture was not due to a bow saw. Conclusion: If the forensic medicine does not pay attention to the mechanism of trauma in the examinations, due to the non-differentiation of the traumatic consequences of the incident from a traumatic self-made (fabricated) trauma, it may lead to the violation of the rights of individuals and the loss of confidence of the victims and, on the other hand, it will lead to misuse of the perpetrators. In order to identify the mechanism of trauma and the way, in which the lesion is established, interaction with the judiciary is very promising and correspondence and interaction with judiciary should not be ignored in any way.}, Keywords = {Fracture, Bone, Metacarpus}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {57-60}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-968-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-968-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2019} }