@article{ author = {SalehiShablizi, M. and Kianian, E.}, title = {Effectiveness Comparison of “Resilience Skills Training” and “Positive Thinking” on Reducing Suicidal Ideation in Male University Students}, abstract ={Aims: According to the available evidence, the suicide rate, especially among young people, has been increasing in recent years. Therefore, it seems necessary to take preventive approaches. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two training methods of resilience skills and positive thinking in reducing suicidal ideation in male students of university. Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design with control group, 33 male students of Farhangian University in 2018 were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of 11 people (two experimental groups and one control). The Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI) was used to collect data. The educational intervention for the first experimental group included the training of resilience skills and for the second experimental group included the training of positive thinking skills. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), one-way analysis of covariance and post hoc test. Findings: In post-test, the mean scores of suicidal ideation and its subscales in both experimental groups were significantly different from the control group (p<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the two groups of resilience skills and positive thinking skills in terms of mean scores of suicidal ideation (p=0.01) and subscales of suicidal tendency (p=0.001) and suicide preparation (p=0.001), but these two groups were not significantly different in terms of subscale of actual suicidal tendency (p=0.06). Conclusion: Resilience skills training is more effective in reducing students' suicidal ideation than positive thinking training.}, Keywords = {Resilience, Positive Thinking, Suicidal Ideation}, volume = {26}, Number = {1}, pages = {73-78}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1100-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1100-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Asaei, Sh. and Naziryy, Gh. and Zarenezhad, M.}, title = {Comparing the Tendency to Addiction and Suicide in Physically and Sexually Abused Women Referred to Forensic Medicine with Non-Abused Women; Case study of Fars Province}, abstract ={Aims: Victims of violence suffer from psychological problems such as depression, anxiety and inability to solve problems. The aim of this study was to compare the tendency to addiction and suicide in physically and sexually abused women referred to forensic medicine centers of Fars province with non-abused women. Instruments & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 105 women who were referred to forensic medicine centers in Fars province from October 2017 to June 2018 with complaints of physical (60 people) and sexual abuse (45 people) were selected by purposive sampling method. Also 60 women were selected in various gathering centers such as sports clubs and cultural centers in Shiraz by convenience sampling method. Data were collected through the Nazari’s Addiction and Drug Attitude Questionnaire and the Orbach’s Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale for adolescents (MAST), and were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of variance and univariate analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test. Finding: The mean scores of addiction tendency in women of the physically abused group was significantly higher than women of the normal group. There was a significant difference between the physically and sexually abused groups and the normal group in terms of life attraction, non-acceptance of life and death attraction. Also there was a significant difference in the component of non-acceptance of death between the physically abused group and the normal group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Physically and sexually abused women are more prone to suicide and addiction than non-abused women.}, Keywords = {Addiction, Suicide, Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse}, volume = {26}, Number = {1}, pages = {79-84}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1076-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1076-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {RahimiAhmadabadi, S. and Attaran, H.}, title = {Demographic, Psychological Factors and Motives for Murder in Intentional Homicide Prisoners Referred to Khorasan Razavi Province Forensic Medicine Organization}, abstract ={Aims: Intentional homicide is one of the most violent crimes against humanity. The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic, psychological factors and motives for murder in intentional homicide prisoners referred to Khorasan Razavi province forensic medicine organization. Instruments & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on intentional homicide prisoners referred to Khorasan Razavi province forensic medicine organization during 2018-2020, that among them 105 people participated in the study by available sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with an interview. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and descriptive statistics methods and Chi-square test. Findings: Most of intentional homicide prisoners were men, married, aged 21-30 years, with the educational level of cycle, self-employed, and the middle child of the family and born and lived in the city of Mashhad. Most of the motives for the killings were related to the killings that followed the fight and revenge. The most commonly used means of murder were sharp objects that hit the chest. Most of the murders took place in public places and the victims were mostly friends. The most common way to remove a corpse was to burn it. There was a significant relationship between gender, age category, marital status and birth rank with committing murder (p<0.001). Conclusion: Mental health officials must take steps to prevent homicide by addressing material and spiritual deficiencies, training life skills, and dealing effectively with problems.  }, Keywords = {Homicide, Intention, Demographic Factors, Psychological Factors, Motivation}, volume = {26}, Number = {1}, pages = {85-91}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1119-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1119-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Mozafari, M.}, title = {Evaluation the Cognitive and Behavioral Inhibition of Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury}, abstract ={Aim(s): Inhibition, which is defined as one's ability to monitor and control responses, is one of the most important executive actions that become defective after a traumatic brain injury. Due to the direct effect of this ability on people's quality of life, the purpose of this study was to compare the cognitive and behavioral inhibition in patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) one year after their injury with healthy individuals. Instruments & Methods: In this descriptive causal-comparative study, which was conducted from February 2017 to October 2018, 48 male patients with MTBI in the age range of 30 to 55 years old who were hospitalized in the ICU of Shohadaye Haftome Tir Hospital in Shahr-e-Rey and in the Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran during the past year as a test group and 64 healthy men with a similar age range as a control group were selected by convenience sampling method. Both groups were evaluated by stroop test and collected data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using multivariable analyze of variance. Finding: The mean scores of congruent reaction time, incongruent reaction time and congruent error number (p<0.05), and incongruent error number, score of interference and error responses sum (p<0.01) in patient with MTBI was significantly higher than healthy people. Conclusion: MTBI after one year can disrupt the function of the frontal lobe of the brain and affect the executive functions under the command of this area, especially on the cognitive and behavioral inhibition of patients.  }, Keywords = {Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Cognitive Dysfunction, Inhibition}, volume = {26}, Number = {1}, pages = {93-99}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1103-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1103-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {NazariTavakkoli, S. and Sadeqpoor, M.J.}, title = {Permissible Time Range for Recovery of Criminal Damages in Jurisprudence and Islamic Penal Code: From the Periodicity to the Authority of the Legal Medicine Organization}, abstract ={Introduction: In Imami jurisprudence and the Islamic Penal Code, the recovery of some injuries has been considered to reduce a part of their atonement. However, it is not clear how long the realization of recovery can have such an effect on the amount of atonement. Lack of determination of specific time for this, the passage of one year from the crime, and passage of usual time are the three paradigms that can be considered in this regard. However, it seems that all the above three paradigms have some drawbacks that make it necessary to present a solid and based view of the principles of Imami jurisprudence and the judicial system of the country. In this study, the main texts of Imami jurisprudence were investigated by descriptive and analytical approach. Conclusion: In determining the permissible time range for recovery instead of emphasizing and focusing on the need to determine a specific period for recovery, it should be decided by focusing on the expert opinion on the realization or non-realization of recovery and also the time of its realization. This view, in addition to being more efficient and effective in the current Iranian judicial system, is more stable according to some jurisprudential propositions. Accordingly, in this study, by separating the three modes of "non-diagnosis of recovery", "diagnosis of non-recovery" and "diagnosis of recovery", the special sentence of each of these cases is expressed independently and in detail by focusing on the Legal Medicine Organization.}, Keywords = {Recovery, Time Range, Expertise, Diagnosis}, volume = {26}, Number = {1}, pages = {101-112}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1126-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1126-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {TavassoliNaini, M. and TavassoliNaini, P.}, title = {Medical Error and Its Proceeding in French Law}, abstract ={Introduction: In French law, medical error proceeding has undergone many developments, and at present in this country a comprehensive medical compensation system is designed to address both patient rights and physician concerns about the costs of compensation. Contrary to traditional French law and the general classification of medical services in a public or private hospital, a new legal regime has been adopted since 2002 by accepting any fault for medical malpractice, regardless of whether the service provider was public or private, and an evolution in the concept of fault for medical liability was created in this country. In this development, new and varied methods of compensation in the event of a medical malpractice start from the friendly process of reconciliation between the parties through the Conciliation and compensation committees for medical accidents and continue until payment is made by the Guarantee Fund of The National Medical Accident Compensation Office. The legal and criminal responsibility of the physician has also been strengthened in the French legal system, and even the decisions of the last highest medical authority, the National Council of the College of Physicians, have been overseen by the French State Council. Conclusion: Examination of French law on medical error and its remedies can be useful for the health system of Iran and many countries and can fix many problems.}, Keywords = {Medical Error, France, Medical Liability, Malpractice, Compensation}, volume = {26}, Number = {1}, pages = {113-120}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1107-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1107-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Vatani, A. and Tavajohi, A. and PiriAmirhajiloo, F.}, title = {The Necessity of Disclosure of Medical Errors: Basics, Systems and Obstacles}, abstract ={Introduction: Medical error is a common problem in societies, and medical error cases make up many criminal and legal cases. To reduce these errors and increase patient safety, strategies for identifying and managing errors have been adopted, one of which is the transparency and reporting of medical errors. This study aimed to investigate the necessity of disclosure of medical errors and its principles and obstacles. Conclusion: According to the principle of non-maleficence, autonomy, beneficence, and justice, which are the basic principles of medical ethics, healthcare providers are obliged to report errors to the patient or his/her guardian. However, disclosure of medical errors by the healthcare provider is a rare occurrence, and the fear of prosecution, the fear of losing the respect between colleagues, the lack of recognition among them, etc. are obstacles to the disclosure of medical errors. Creating a right culture and environment for the healthcare provider to be able to disclose medical errors without fear or blame and establishing a system of mandatory reporting on medical errors to have a civil or criminal guarantee for non- disclosure can be an essential step in ensuring the patient's rights and safety, improving the performance of health care organizations, and reducing medical errors.}, Keywords = {Medical Error, Patient Safety, Disclosure}, volume = {26}, Number = {1}, pages = {121-129}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1087-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1087-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {PiriAmirhajiloo, F. and Rahmani, M.}, title = {Analysis of Patient Compensation Systems}, abstract ={Introduction: Compensation of patients in case of injury in the treatment process is one of the most critical issues in medical law. Besides compensating some problems, some systems have helped to improve the performance of medical staff, prevent from providing inadequate health care and harm to patients, and ensure the safety of patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate patient compensation systems, which was done by the descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information in the form of a library. Conclusion: The tort liability system, enterprise liability system, and the no-fault liability system are the most common physician legal liability systems globally. The tort liability system that is currently prevalent in Iran and many other countries has not successfully achieved the goals of compensation and deterrence for reasons such as lengthy litigation, difficulty in proving medical fault, and incomplete compensation for the patient. If the doctor is not at fault in the treatment process, but the patient suffers the damage caused by medical procedures, according to the rule of “la-zarar” in Islamic jurisprudence, the No-fault system can be implemented, and the patient can be guaranteed and compensated. In this regard, medical law, such as labor and family law, can enact laws to protect the patients; because one of the examples of supporting a patient is compensating for the damage done to him if the doctor is not at fault.  }, Keywords = {Fault, Compensation, Tort Liability, Enterprise Liability, No-fault Liability}, volume = {26}, Number = {1}, pages = {131-138}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1133-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1133-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Cheraghi, A. and Riazi, H. and Emamhadi, M. and Jambarsang, S.}, title = {Occupational Factors Related to Midwifery Faults from the Viewpoint of Midwives Working in Tehran City, Iran}, abstract ={Aims: Identifying the causes of midwifery errors and providing appropriate solutions to reduce these errors play an important role in providing health care for women and society. This study aimed to identify occupational factors leading to obstetric errors from midwives' viewpoints working in obstetrics and health centers. Instrument & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 252 midwives working in the delivery block and health centers of three Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, and Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2014. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to conduct the research. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney. Legal errors were also prioritized based on the experiences of midwives or one of their colleagues. Findings: The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that except for five variables of midwifery professional responsibility insurance, midwifery hard work, patient referral problems, authorities' characteristics, and material satisfaction with the job, the rest of the variables had the same role in the incidence of midwifery errors from the perspective of the two groups (P>0.05). Also, the first to the fourth priority of the errors occurred was based on the experiences of midwives working in the delivery block, carelessness, indiscretion, lack of skill and non-compliance with governmental laws and from the perspective of midwives working in health centers, indiscretion, carelessness, lack of skills and lack of compliance with government laws. Conclusion: Identifying the causes of midwifery errors, especially from the perspective of employed midwives, is of particular importance in controlling and reducing the errors of this profession.}, Keywords = {Midwifery, Medical Errors, Occupational Factors}, volume = {26}, Number = {2}, pages = {131-137}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1157-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1157-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {tamaddoni, S. and Hejjazi, A. and Masoudi, Sh. and Fotovvat, A.}, title = {Psychometric Properties of the Stockholm Syndrome Scale; a Study of the Women Referred to the Legal Medicine Organization}, abstract ={Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Stockholm syndrome scale. Instrument & Methods: The present study is a kind of cross-sectional descriptive-survey research. The statistical population included all women with a total number of 2210 after suing their husbands for spousal abuse in Mashhad city courts from October to March 2017. The statistical sample in this study included 360 people who were selected by a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included the Stockholm Syndrome Scale (SSS) and the revised adult attachment questionnaire (RAAS). Data analysis was performed using exploratory factor analysis, correlation method, Cronbach's alpha, and split-half reliability coefficient in the SPSS 26 program. Findings: The study's findings based on exploratory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the scale that these factors (core, psychological damage, and love dependence) explained 52.36% of the scale's variance. The convergent and divergent validity scale results through the adult attachment questionnaire indicated that the Stockholm syndrome scale had a significant negative relationship with secure attachment and a significant positive correlation with both avoidant and ambivalent attachments. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.886, and the split-half coefficient is 0.707 indicated the desired reliability of the scale. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the good validity and reliability of the Stockholm syndrome scale in the Iranian sample; thus, this scale can be used as a reliable tool in marital research.}, Keywords = {Crime Victims, Adults, Syndrome, Object Attachment, Psychometric, Validity and Reliability}, volume = {26}, Number = {2}, pages = {139-148}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1156-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1156-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Najibzadeh, H. and ManzariTavakoli, A. and MasjediArani, A. and FatehiRad, N. and Jalalkamali, M. and GhadiPasha, M. and Forozesh, M.}, title = {Role of the Islamic Value System in the Correct Implementation of the Policies of the Forensic Medicine Organization}, abstract ={Aims: The foundation of the legal or scientific system governing organizations' management is the theories and rules of the school of Islamic management. This study aimed to explain the role of Islamic values in the better and more correct implementation of the forensic medicine organization's policies. Instrument & Methods: The present study is a descriptive and correlational study conducted by survey method. The study's statistical population was physicians and non-physicians of Ardabil, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Tehran, Ilam, and South Khorasan provinces. Sampling was done by cluster method and data analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics (correlation test and structural equation modeling) through Amos 23 and SPSS 23 software. Findings: The components of responsibility, competitiveness and overtaking, honesty, respect for others, inner interest in values and norms, empathy with people and loyalty, observance of justice and fairness, especially the dimension of justice and fairness, had an impact on the better and more correct implementation of medical organization policies. Conclusion: The Islamic value system affects the better and more correct implementation of the forensic organization's policies.  }, Keywords = {Value, Policy,Islamic, Forensic Medicine}, volume = {26}, Number = {2}, pages = {149-157}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1152-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1152-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Moazam, E. and Abbasi, M. and GhasemiAhd, V. and Moazam, E.}, title = {Legal Aspects of End of Life and End Stage Disease}, abstract ={Aims: End-of-life care providers to patients in the later stages of the disease are potentially exposed to a variety of judicial, legal and professional problems. This study was to review and analyze these challenges and ways to deal with them. Information & Methods: In this systematic review study, some aspects of end-of-life care such as patient decision-making competence, discontinuation of life support treatments and useless or ineffective treatments and requesting death assistance with targeted search in 8 databases and reviewing 44 sources, from a legal point of view. An analysis was made. Findings: The biggest challenges in the field of assisting in the death of patients, choosing the right person to decide in the final stages and ending the treatment were seen as useless or ineffective. In many countries, laws were enacted to discontinue life-sustaining treatments, and the process of judicial proceedings was to accept the requests of patients or their alternative representatives. Gradually, more and more countries have legalized end-of-life assistance in terms of conditional assistance. Conclusion: The legal challenges to end-of-life and how to deal with it vary in different societies and legal intervention in end-of-life lawsuits be avoided as much as possible.}, Keywords = {Terminal Care, End-of-Life Care, Legal Aspect}, volume = {26}, Number = {2}, pages = {159-167}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1125-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1125-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Saravani, Kh. and Afshari, M. and Asadinejad, N. and Akbari, A.}, title = {The quality of Documentation of Completed Death Certificates According to ICD10 Standards in Amir Al-Momenin Hospital of Zabol, Iran}, abstract ={Aims: In this study, the compliance of the issued death certificate with the World Health Organization and 10-ICD codes standards was assessed. Instrument & Methods: In this applied descriptive study, the death certificate booklet of special, internal, and infectious (AS) deaths in Zabol city in Amir Al-Momenin Hospital was reviewed. From the total number of deaths registered in the mentioned wards from April to September 2018, 318 certificates were selected. After collecting data based on the information obtained from filling in the death certificate by internal medicine, infectious disease, general surgery, neurology, cardiology, lung, and chest surgery, data analysis was performed by SPSS 18 software. Findings: In this study, 318 certificates were reviewed. 313 Certificate (98.4%) with blank code and only five certificates (1.6%) were completed correctly. Most of the blank code was related to writing in English letters and using medical abbreviations without explanation and cardiac arrest. They were in the next ranks. Conclusion: Death certificates registered by specialists in Zabol Hospital are not based on 10-ICD standards and are not acceptable to Amir al-Momenin.}, Keywords = {Quality Control, Cause of Death, Death Certificate}, volume = {26}, Number = {2}, pages = {169-172}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1053-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1053-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Alipourtabrizi, A. and Hedjazi, A. and Shohoudifar, Sh. and Sajadian, M. and Hoseyni, S.}, title = {Report on the Use of Autosomal STR Markers in Resolving a Kinship Case}, abstract ={Aims: Genetic identification is now a standard and efficient method for identifying individuals and investigating claimed kinship cases. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Y-STR and autosomal STR markers. Materials & Methods: This case report is according to a claimed kinship that was done with available sampling of 7 relatives referred to forensic medicine in 2020. These members were 2 men and 2 women without identity cards and 3 men with identity cards claiming the uncle-nephew and aunt-nephew relationships. After authentication and obtaining the complete biographies of the nominees, the genealogy was drawn. Blood samples were analyzed using autosomal STR and Y-STR markers by Yfiler ™ Plus and GlobalFiler ™ Express kits and were electrophoresed with ABI 3500 genetic analyzer. Since to prove the claimed relative relationship, the common father of the grandfather's child must be common, so the allelic inheritance between them was examined. Findings: The results of the Y-STR indicated that the alleged uncle-nephew relationship was not ruled out. However, the results of autosomal STR markers indicated the status of Amelogenin Y-null in the profiles of all males in the pedigree. Comparison of the obtained genetic profiles showed that there was no inheritance of the obligatory paternal allele in the 4 loci D8S1179, D2S441, THO1 and D10S1248 between A and H, which definitely negated the existence of a father-son relationship between the two individuals; Hence, the alleged uncle-nephew and aunt-nephew relationship was rejected. Conclusion: Autosomal STR markers should be used to examine complex relative relationships, and the use of Y-STR markers should be limited to genetic testing of male specimens in rape evidence, crime scenes, and non-paternity cases.}, Keywords = {DNA Fingerprinting, Y-Chromosome, Short Tandem Repeats, Paternity, Kinship Network, Forensic Genetic}, volume = {26}, Number = {2}, pages = {173-177}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1150-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1150-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {MasjediArani, A. and Ghadipasha, M. and Aram, S.}, title = {Introduction of the State Committee for Judicial Investigations of Belarus}, abstract ={This article has no abstract.}, Keywords = {There is not any keyword.}, volume = {26}, Number = {2}, pages = {179-181}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1143-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1143-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Soleymanpour, A. and Iravani, O.}, title = {Compensation without Negligence}, abstract ={This article has no abstract.}, Keywords = {There is not any keyword.}, volume = {26}, Number = {2}, pages = {183-184}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1155-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1155-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Soltaninejad, K.}, title = {A Review of Novichok Toxicology}, abstract ={Introduction: Novichoks is considered the fourth generation of chemical weapons and nerve agents (NA) category. NAs were produced and developed during the Cold War in the (former) Soviet Union. Due to the confidentiality of these agents' manufacturing processes, there is little information about these compounds' properties. Like other NA, Novichoks are organophosphorus compounds that have non-competitive and irreversible inhibitory effects on the Acetylcholinesterase. Preliminary data described a high potency as 5-8 times more than VX for these agents. Although these compounds have not yet been used as chemical weapons on battlefields, the use of these agents in chemical terrorist attacks in recent years has made it necessary for medical professionals to become more familiar with the dangers and toxicological aspects of these agents. In addition to reviewing the history of development and production, chemical structure, mechanism of action, toxicokinetics, and toxicology of these agents, the latest information on of diagnosis and treatment of poisoning with these agents will be reviewed. Conclusion: Contrary to the initial data, it seems that the poisoning caused by Novichok is like other organophosphate agents and can be managed successfully by performing rapid and appropriate treatment measures. Due to the global threat of terrorist incidents with these agents, the medical team is familiar with these poisons for optimal diagnosis and treatment of victims.}, Keywords = {Novichok, Chemical Weapons, Nerve agents, Toxicology}, volume = {26}, Number = {3}, pages = {185-197}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1176-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1176-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Eftekhari, A. and Bakhtiari, M.}, title = {Biomarkers, a Diagnostic Tool for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Promising Horizons in Neuroscience Research}, abstract ={Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous disorder that affects people at risk for trauma. Although its diagnostic features have been reclassified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 5 (DSM-5), the disorder is characterized by excessive and unwanted trauma reminders as well as the avoidance of trauma reminders. Cognitive patterns and negative moods of this heterogeneity indicate multiple neurological mechanisms in the context of PTSD. Research over the past few decades has shown several potential ways to identify diagnostic biomarkers for PTSD. These include monoadrenergic transmission systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), metabolic, hormonal pathways, inflammatory mechanisms, psychophysiological reactions, and cerebral neural circuits. The present study presents the research literature concerning the most promising biomarkers in diagnosing PTSD with special emphasis on the interaction between neurological effects on disease risk and progression of symptoms. Such biomarkers are likely to be identified by multidimensional models derived from comprehensive descriptions of molecular, neurological, behavioral, and clinical phenotypes. Conclusion: Post-traumatic stress disorder biomarkers can provide promising horizons for early diagnosis and treatment of the disorder and provide clinicians with tools to make more accurate diagnoses of the disorder. Also, the existing research literature in this field can serve the biological contexts related to PTSD symptoms and future studies' goals.}, Keywords = {Neuroscience, Biomarkers, Diagnosis, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder}, volume = {26}, Number = {3}, pages = {199-209}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1168-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1168-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {RazipourJouybari, A. and Shakeri, A. and Izadifard, A.A.}, title = {Medical-Legal Investigation of Crime against Persons\' Auditory System with Cochlear Implant}, abstract ={Introduction: The cochlea is a part of the inner ear in terms of anatomy, and it is a part of the sensory mechanism in function. The cochlear implant is usually done on people, especially children, who suffer intensely from sensory-neural hearing loss and those who cannot use hearing aids. By cochlear implants, the hearing ability will return to them. Thousands of people in Iran have already done the cochlear implant. Based on the span of cochlear implants and the number of people who have done this surgery, and the lack of law in this field, the hearing system-related crimes about these people have not been checked legally. Conclusion: According to the definition of an organ, the cochlea is considered an independent organ due to its function. In a cochlear implant, in contrast with a cochlear transplant, the implantation of non-biological tissues or organs is performed, whose legal effect of crime is different with organ transplant. Since the cochlear implant device does not have biological life, there is no infinite analogy between the criminal and the victim's ear, and the verdict is similar. According to the fact that after the implant surgery, the hearing ability of the victim will return to its normal form if the crime happens, based on the articles 570, 566, and 682 of the Islamic penal code and according to the held referendum, heavy damages including financial guarantee, compensation of hearing benefit, Arsh of felony and Arsh of loss of function are set as punishment.}, Keywords = {Similarity, Organ, Transplant, Cochlear Implant, Punishment, Compensation}, volume = {26}, Number = {3}, pages = {211-220}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1174-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1174-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, B. and Nemati, M. and Dodangeh, M. and Hassanzadeh, Gh.}, title = {Stature Estimation from Cranial Indices in Students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Aims: Craniofacial measurements are one of the important parts of anthropology that determine the morphological features of the face and head. Considering the importance and position of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and the ethnic diversity of its students, the aim of this study is to measure the different variables of head, face and stature of medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and to investigate the relationship between these variables. Methods: In the present study, the variables of skull length, skull width and skull height were measured in 200 medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. SPSS 16 software was used for statistical analysis. The P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Findings: The variables of stature (P= 0.0001), skull length (P= 0.0001) and skull height (P = 0.044) showed significant differences between the two genders, but there was no significant difference in skull width between males and females (P= 0.865). According to the linear regression, there was a significant relationship between stature and cranial length ((P= 0.0001), (P= 0.016)) and also between stature and cranial height ((P= 0.0001), (P= 0.0001)) in all cases and in male subjects. In addition, there was a relation between stature and cranial width in female subjects (P= 0.013).   Conclusion: The existence of significant relationships between different variables of the cranium and stature makes it possible to estimate stature based on these variables.}, Keywords = {Anthropology, Skull, Cephalometry, Body Height, Human Body}, volume = {26}, Number = {3}, pages = {221-226}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1184-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1184-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Barzegar, A. and Ghadipasha, M. and Valiyari, S. and Khademi, A. and Forouzesh, M.}, title = {Epidemiology of Fatal Traffic Crashes in Iranian Motorcyclist in 2017}, abstract ={Aims: Motorcycle-related traffic accidents are a major public health problem and one of the leading causes of disability and death in Iran. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of fatal traffic accidents in Iranian motorcyclists in 2017. Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed using the Forensic Medicine Organization's available data on Iranian motorcyclists who suffered traffic accidents in 2017 and lost their lives. Data were collected using a checklist and analyzed in SPSS 25 and GraphPad Prism 8 software using one-way analysis of variance and independent t-test. Findings: During 2017, 3862 people died due to motorcycle accidents, of which 3704 (95.9%) were men and 158 (4.1%) were women. The highest mortality rate was observed in 18-24 years with 1071 cases (27.8%). Most victims died in hospital (52.7%) due to head injuries (53.6%). The mortality rate was higher in people with the diploma and less (92.4%) and self-employed (39.7%). The main mechanism of motorcycle accidents was the collision with moving vehicles (79.5%). Among the dead, 78.4% were drivers, and 20.3% were passengers. Also, most accidents (48%) occurred on suburban roads. Conclusion: The death rate due to motorcycle accidents in Iran on suburban roads and young age groups is high, and head injuries cause the death of most of the dead.  }, Keywords = {Epidemiologic, Motorcyclist, Traffic Crashes}, volume = {26}, Number = {3}, pages = {227-232}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1167-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1167-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Honarvar, Z. and Doustkam, M. and Touzandehjani, H.}, title = {Relationship between Job Burnout, Dimensions of Meta-Emotion and Distress Tolerance in Mashhad Forensic Medicine Employees}, abstract ={Aims: The progress of any organization depends on having healthy and efficient human resources. This study aimed to the relationship between job burnout, Distress Tolerance, and Dimensions of meta-emotion in Forensic Medicine employees. Instrument & Methods: This is a descriptive study involving 180 (56 women and 124 men) employees in the Forensic Medicine Department of Mashhad in 2020, selected by available sampling. After fulfilling the research conditions (more than one year of work experience, signing a written consent to participate in research, and have at least a diploma). Forty-five employees (26 women and 19 men) participated in the study. Data was collected by “Demographic Data”, “Burnout Inventory”, “Distress Tolerance”, and “Positive Metacognitions and Positive Meta-Emotions” questionnaires. Data were analyzed in SPSS-21 software by T-test. Findings: The mean score of emotional exhaustion was (2.67±1.55), depersonalization was (1.52±1.59), and the personality depersonalization respectively (2.92±1.19), which indicated moderate burnout in emotional exhaustion and high burnout in lack of personal accomplishment. The correlation coefficient of metacognition and metaemotional dimensions and job burnout was -0.649 and had a significant and inverse relationship (p=0.009). Also, the correlation coefficient of stress tolerance and burnout was -0.684, which showed a significant and inverse relationship between these two variables (p=0.005). Conclusion: Considering the effect of burnout on job performance and its relationship with stress tolerance and dimensions of meta-emotion, the importance of reducing environmental stressors by organizing job factors, as well as psychological skills training, should be considered.}, Keywords = {Burnout, Metacognitive, Forensic Medicine}, volume = {26}, Number = {3}, pages = {233-238}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1175-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1175-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {KhajaviSegonbad, C. and Soleimanian, A.A. and Heydarnia, A.}, title = {Psychological Factors Underlying and Perpetuating Violence in Abused Women; a Qualitative Study}, abstract ={Aims: Domestic violence against women is a public health problem and a clear example of human rights abuses in all societies, races, ethnicities and religions, with approximately 35% of women worldwide experiencing it at least once in their lifetime. The aim of this study was to identify the psychological characteristics of abused women through their lived experiences. Instrument & Methods: This research was done by qualitative research method and phenomenological design. Participants included 12 abused women who had referred to the Forensic Medicine Center of Bojnourd in the winter of 2018 to complain about their husbands being beaten and injured. These individuals were selected by purposive sampling method and after completing the questionnaire of violence and assuring that violence had taken place, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. Data analysis was performed based on the steps of Dickelman analysis method. Findings: In total, 5 main categories, 17 concepts and 173 basic codes were obtained. Woman Surrender Syndrome, Fear of Social Stigma, Sexual Problems and Conflicts, Low Self-Esteem and Learned Helplessness were extracted as the main categories of this study. Conclusion: From the women's point of view, the presence of some psychological characteristics in them can be a predictor and perpetuator of the phenomenon of domestic violence against them. Surrender woman syndrome, fear of social stigma, sexual problems and conflicts, low self-esteem and learned helplessness can explain the violence and its persistence in these women.}, Keywords = {Domestic Violence, Psychological Factors, Abused Women}, volume = {26}, Number = {3}, pages = {239-245}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1170-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1170-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Asadinejad, N. and Rahimi, M.}, title = {Suicide Following Injection of Imidacloprid: a Case Report}, abstract ={Aims: Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that does not block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the sense of an antagonist but acts as a stimulant and agonist for this receptor. In this study, a case of suicide with injectable imidacloprid was reported. Patient & Methods: At the scene of the death of a 24-year-old woman, she was lying on the ground in front of the first step of the house. His death was confirmed by the emergency services, and a syringe impregnated with poison and several cans of agricultural poison were discovered and handed over to the city's intelligence agents. Findings: In the physical examination and legal autopsy, the corpse bruise was naturally colored in the trunk's posterior areas, and the corpse was frozen. Cyanosis of the lips, nails, and subcutaneous injection site was evident outside the right umbilicus and behind the left hand. Necropsy findings of pulmonary edema and brief fluid in both pleural spaces showed a total of about 20 ml. Vitreous fluid, blood, bile, liver, kidney, stomach contents, and tissue of the injection site were sampled for toxicological tests. Conclusion: Many cases of acute imidacloprid poisoning occur with mild symptoms, the most common of which are gastrointestinal and neurological manifestations, and the mortality rate is low. If you take too much of this toxin, the initial symptoms will appear as cardiovascular and central nervous system effects, eventually leading to death. Careful monitoring of acute patients exposed to imidacloprid toxin who present with these symptoms is essential.}, Keywords = {Suicide, Poisoning, Imidacloprid}, volume = {26}, Number = {3}, pages = {247-251}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1188-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1188-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Moshkdanian, Ghazaleh and Maziad, Ahmad and Sheikhbahaei, Fatemeh and ShakeriJoshaghan, Saman and Mahdavi, Seyed Amirhosein and Pasbakhsh, Parichehr}, title = {Stature prediction based on foot dimensions in the Lebanese population: An anthropometric study}, abstract ={Introduction Personal identification is one of the important issues in forensic medicine to the identity of an individual. Due to differences in ethnic groups in physical characteristics, it is necessary to perform anthropometric studies in each population.  The aim of this study was to investigate the dimensions of the foot and its relationship with stature in the Lebanese population. Materials and methods In a cross-sectional study, the stature and anthropometric factors of the foot (length and width) were measured in 100 men and 100 women aged 20 to 40 years living in Beirut, Lebanon after obtaining consent. The data were then analyzed. Linear regression and Pearson correlation were used for finding the relationship between quantitative data. Result There was no significant difference in mean age between men and women. Also, the mean stature, length, and width of the foot in men were significantly higher than in women. There was a significant correlation between stature and leg length and width in the Lebanese population and leg length was a more appropriate factor for predicting stature. However, in the male population, foot length was significantly correlated with stature. Foot length and width in women had no significant correlation with stature. Also, different equations for calculating stature based on leg length and width were calculated. Conclusion According to our achieved results, foot length and width can be used to estimate stature in the Lebanese population in forensic research. However, foot length is a more appropriate factor for estimating stature in this population.  }, Keywords = {Anthropometry, Stature, Foot Length, Foot Width, Lebanon}, volume = {26}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1166-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1166-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Moradi, Khadijeh and Zienaly, Zahr}, title = {Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on resiliency orphan’s welfare elementary school}, abstract ={Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on resilience in premature children of pre-school age children under the well-being of Kashan. Materials and methods This research was semi-experimental and pre-test-posttest with control group was used. The sample consisted of 30 non-affiliated children who were selected by available sampling method and based on entry and exit criteria from the day-care center. They were randomly assigned into two groups of 15 subjects. Measurement tools were the Conner Dodson Resilience Scale (2003), which was completed by participants in the pretest-posttest phase. Then, the participants in the experimental group participated in eight 90-minute treatment sessions based on admission and commitment. Results The mean score of resilience before the intervention in the experimental group was 47.65 which after the intervention reached 93.15 and in the follow-up stage reached 87.92 and in the control group these scores increased from 78.59 to 72.64 in the post-intervention stage and 44.36 in the follow-up stage Resilience was in the control group. Acceptance and commitment therapy had a greater effect on resilience in the participants of the experimental group than the control group. Based on the results of analysis of covariance, acceptance and commitment therapy increased resilience. Conclusion Considering the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on increasing resilience of homeless children covered by welfare, the importance of using this treatment compared to other treatments to increase resilience and ability to cope with problems should be considered.  }, Keywords = {Acceptance and commitment therapy, Resilienc, Orphaned}, volume = {26}, Number = {4}, pages = {7-14}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1192-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1192-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saravani, Khadijeh and Badakhsh, Mahin and Shahraki, Tayebeh}, title = {A Review on Complications of Tramadol Overdose}, abstract ={Introduction Tramadol is an opioid analgesic used to treat pains. With a statistic of up to 50%, this substance is considered the first cause of death due to drug poisoning. Investigating the prevalence of tramadol poisoning plays an essential role in providing a suitable context for the authorities to take the necessary decisions to reduce the use of this drug. This review study explores the side effects of tramadol overdose. Materials and methods The present study is a review study. The search was performed by using keywords such as tramadol, poisoning, overdose, and tramadol complications in Persian and English in reliable databases such as PubMed, Wiley, Elsevier, Science Direct, and SID from 2000 to 2019. Discussion & Conclusions In general, according to the findings of most studies, tramadol is the most complicated opioid drug and due to its prevalence among young people with low education level, it is necessary that the physician and pharmacist colleagues carefully prescribe and sell this drug. In addition, increasing awareness about its potentially dangerous side effects and precise monitoring of the distribution of this drug is mandatory. Tramadol poisoning and overdose can cause a reduction of the activity of the central nervous system, respiratory system, tachycardia, seizures, and hypertension. The narcotic effect and the inhibitory effect of reabsorption of monoamines are possible methods for the action of tramadol.  }, Keywords = {Tramadol, Addiction, drug poisoning, opioid, overdose.}, volume = {26}, Number = {4}, pages = {15-20}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1196-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1196-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sheikhazadi, Ardeshir and Kermamian, Fatemeh and Khedmati, Mohammad and Akhlaghi, Mitra and Mahakizadeh, Simi}, title = {The determination of correlation between total length of upper limb and length of upper limb segments in students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Introduction Estimating limb length based on the remaining parts of each limb is one of the most important challenges among anatomists and forensic specialists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between upper limb length and length of upper limb segments to derive a regression formula for estimating upper limb length. Material and methods Four parameter of upper limb length, arm length, forearm length and arm length were taken from 199 students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (18-25 years old) and then statistically analyzed using SPSS 16 software. And linear regression model was used to estimate the length of the upper limb. Results By examining the Pearson correlation in the whole statistical population, a direct relationship was found between the total length of the upper limb and arm length, forearm length and arm length (p = 0.0001, 0.803, 0.824, 0.836, respectively). Conclusion We found a strong correlation between upper limb length and arm length, forearm length and length. Regression analysis also showed that arm and forearm length were more valuable than forearm length for estimating upper limb length.}, Keywords = {Upper limb, Arm, Forearm, Hand, Regression}, volume = {26}, Number = {4}, pages = {21-27}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1187-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1187-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {RahimiJaberi, Khojasteh and Madadi, Soheila and Poorhassan, Mahnaz and ShakeriJousheghan, Saman and Alizamir, Tahereh}, title = {Assessment of the relation between stature and Cranio-facial variables in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Introduction Anthropometric data, particularly cranio-facial variables, is important in forensic medicine, sex determination, designing ergonomic instrument and plastic surgery. The aim of present study is to determine the relation between stature and facial length and facial width among students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Material and methods This study was done on 201 students (100 males and 101 females), in the range of 18–41 years. Stature, facial length and facial width were measured by using a standard spreading caliper. The linear regression used for examining the relationship between stature and facial length and facial width. The data was analyzed by software SPSS 16. Independent-Samples T-Test was used to compare the data. The relationship between quantitative data was assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the linear regression equations were used to determine the relation between stature with facial parameters. Results The result of study showed that the mean of facial length in male and female were 12.077±0.212 and 10.998±0.261 respectively. The mean of facial width in male and female were 13.727±0.820 and 11.363±0.675 respectively. In both sex, there were significant importance in facial length and width, especially in facial width in comparison to facial length. The mean of stature in male and female were 171.036±3.528 and 167.430±3.938 respectively. There was a correlation between stature and facial length (r =0.510, P=0.0001) and facial width (r =0.429, P=0.0001). Conclusion The analysis of linear regression for the all cases indicates that there is a relationship between stature and facial length/width. Hence, this study can be useful in forensic medicine, sex determination, designing ergonomic instrument and plastic surgery.}, Keywords = {Stature, Facial length, Facial width, Forensic medicine, Iran}, volume = {26}, Number = {4}, pages = {28-33}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1183-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1183-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {farasat, jafar and azaritoon, sajad and Amini, Kamroz and saadatneshan, s.mohamm}, title = {Challenges of the five senses in vegetatative state patients from the perspective of medicine, jurisprudence and law}, abstract ={Introduction Considering the objective evidence that some patients with Vegetative State return to normal life after more than a year and medical research shows that in the evaluation of some patients with Vegetative State, the activity of cortical areas is related. It can be seen by understanding the feeling of pain and comprehensible sentences, which in general can indicate the absence or at least doubt in the relative or permanent decline of all benefits, especially the five benefits (sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste) in such be patient. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of challenging the decline of benefits, especially the five senses in patients of Vegetative State from the perspective of medicine, jurisprudence and law. Methods The research method in this study is the library, descriptive and analytical and evaluation of jurisprudential and legal research, medicine for some patients with Vegetative State. Findings and conclusion In the present study, medical, jurisprudential and legal findings are such that the existing ambiguities in the field of consciousness, diagnosis of decline or non-decline of interests, especially the interests of the five senses to examine the rules of multiple and interference of diets are different from other findings are given. According to medical findings, examinations and tests performed on patients with Vegetative State, as well as the existence of objective evidence of cortical activity related to the perception of pain and hearing during the expression of comprehensible sentences and the return of some of these patients to the normal life, we can not talk about the definite decline of interests, especially the benefit of the five senses. Evidence for the decline of benefits has been examined and analyzed from the perspective of jurisprudence and law on the subject of counting and the application or non-application of the counted cases to a person with a Vegetative State.  }, Keywords = {Vegetative State, consciousness, Decline of interest, multiplicity of diets, five senses}, volume = {26}, Number = {4}, pages = {33-44}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1211-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1211-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Amini, Kamroz and Farasat, Jafar and yarinasab, Fatemeh}, title = {Evaluation of the incidence of organ defects in outpatient examinations referred to Boyer-Ahmad forensic medicine and Legal solution to reduce referrals}, abstract ={Introduction Assessing disability and permanent disability is one of the concerns of all industrial and developing societies Material and methods This cross-sectional descriptive study examined the files of all injured people who had referred to forensic medicine to investigate the extent of injuries caused by accidents in the first six months of 2019. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and then analyzed by SPSS21 software. Results Out of 1300 cases, 58.4% were due to accident, 36.9% to dispute and 4.7% were due to work accident. 959 (73.8%) were male and the rest of them were female. The highest frequency in the age group of 15-20 years was 19.4%. Of all clients, 9.2% had a disability and 90.8% had no disability. 35.1% had referred once and 64.9% had referred twice or more than twice. 26.4% of the clients were less than one month old and 73.6% were more than one to 24 months old for follow-up. Conclusion Due to the results of the study and the low level of organ failure and the possibility of diagnosing it in the initial referrals, the number of referrals and a follow-up period of clients can be significantly reduced; As a result, it will save time and energy for clients, forensic medicine and speed up the proceedings.}, Keywords = {Disability, Number of referrals, Follow-up period, Forensic medicine.}, volume = {26}, Number = {4}, pages = {45-49}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1204-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1204-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {gholami, yasser and Moghaddasi, Mohammad Bagher}, title = {Factors in the Tendency of Judges to Refer Cases Related to Medical Malpractice to the Forensic Medicine Organization (Case Study of North Khorasan)}, abstract ={Introduction Cases related to medical malpractice are among the cases that due to their technicality, judicial authority must obtain the opinion of experts. According to the regulations, Forensic Medicine Organization and Medical Council are the competent authorities to comment on this matter. This study aims to examine that judge tend to choose which of these organizations and what factors play a greater role in this regard. Materials and methods This research has been done by descriptive and analytical method and 87 cases that were registered in 3.21.2019- 3.19.2020 as medical malpractice in the judiciary of North Khorasan have been reviewed. The researcher-made questionnaire distributed among 18 judges of the criminal courts and the opinions were asked about each of the questions. Finally, based on the obtained data, the factors are discussed and the output is analyzed. Results and conclusion The findings show that most judges know that Forensic Medicine Organization and Medical Council are competent authorities in the field of medical malpractice. Judges are satisfied with the performance of the Forensic Medicine Organization and prefer to refer cases to this organization. From the point of view of judges, impartiality of the Forensic Medicine Organization was the most important factor in this choice. Since the impartiality of the Forensic Medicine Organization is the main factor in choosing this organization as an expert reference, it is necessary to maintain this feature and the high position of this organization as one of the assistants of the judiciary will be maintained.}, Keywords = {Malpractice, Forensic Medicine, Judges, Impartiality}, volume = {26}, Number = {4}, pages = {50-56}, publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization}, url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1217-en.html}, eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1217-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine}, issn = {1027-1457}, eissn = {2383-0034}, year = {2021} }