@article{ 
author = {AkhundzadehArani, mohadeseh and Mirkhalili, Seyed Ahmad and MotavallizadehNaeini, Nafiseh and MirmohamadiMeybodi, Seyed Mostaf},  
title = {Digital Drugs: An Emerging Mental Health Crisis and the Need for Criminological Intervention}, 
abstract ={Introduction: In recent years, a phenomenon referred to as digital drugs has emerged within virtual environments, posing increasing challenges to mental health and social security. These stimuli claim to replicate the psychoactive effects of conventional narcotics through specific auditory frequencies that influence brainwave activity and alter mental states. This study aims to examine the nature, underlying mechanisms, and consequences of digital drugs, while analyzing the factors contributing to their appeal from biological, psychological, and sociological perspectives. Methodology: This study adopts an analytical-descriptive approach. The descriptive component reviews the scientific and historical foundations of binaural beats, explains the structure and function of audio-based stimuli, and discusses their potential neurological effects. The analytical component applies theories of addiction and examines the legal challenges and regulatory gaps associated with digital narcotics. Findings: Digital drugs induce effects similar to traditional substances by utilizing binaural beats, stimulating specific brain regions, and triggering the release of neurotransmitters. Based on criminological theories, the factors driving the propensity for this phenomenon consist of a combination of biological (reward pathway stimulation), psychological (anxiety and low self-control), social (peer influence and social validation), and economic (low cost and lack of legal consequences) dimensions. Furthermore, a review of the literature reveals a legal gap stemming from the physical definition of "narcotic substances." To address these challenges, an "Integrated Criminological Intervention Model" has been designed and proposed, employing a multidisciplinary approach across three dimensions: prevention (information dissemination), suppression (criminalizing ), and rehabilitation (specialized psychological services). Conclusion: The findings highlight the necessity of multi-level interventions. Revising criminal legislation, implementing preventive strategies within educational and healthcare systems, and increasing public awareness are essential responses to this emerging technological threat. Accordingly, this study proposes an Integrated Criminological Intervention Model that incorporates biological, psychological, and social dimensions to guide effective prevention, treatment, and legal regulation.},  
Keywords = {Binaural Beats,mental health,Legislation,Jurisprudence},
volume = {32},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-10}, 
publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization},
url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1672-en.html},  
eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1672-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine},  
issn = {1027-1457}, 
eissn = {2383-0034}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hasanpour, Azadeh and DehghaniAshkezari, Mahmood and SeyedForootan, Farzad and Seifati, Seyed Mortez},  
title = {Investigating Probable Variants and Polymorphisms of Sex-Related Genes CYP19A1, ESR1, NR5A1, SOX9, and SRY in Male to Female Transgender Individuals}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Gender is a fundamental factor affecting all aspects of human’s life, and existing evidence suggests that genetic factors can play an important role in the occurrence of gender identity disorders. The aim of this study was to identify possible mutations in some genes associated with gender determination in male-to-female transgender individuals in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: In this study, 27 men with normal karyotype (46,XY) who were diagnosed with gender identity disorder were studied. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the participants. Then, exons of the CYP19A1, ESR1, NR5A1, SOX9, and SRY genes, in which the highest mutation rates were reported, were amplified using specific primers. After sequencing, data were analyzed with FinchTV software. Results: Comparison of the obtained sequences with the reference sequence showed no mutations in exon 9 of the CYP19A1, exon 1 of the SOX9, and the SRY genes. In exon 4 of the ESR1 gene, a substitution mutation c.805C>T was identified in one sample and a non-pathogenic change c.975G>C in 9 samples. Also, a heterozygous mutation c.653C>T was observed in exon 4 of the NR5A1 gene in one participant. No other significant mutations were found in the other samples. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that male-to-female gender identity disorder may not directly related to mutations in the studied regions of genes involved in sex determination. However, due to the limited sample size, larger studies are necessary to confirm these findings. Also, further research is needed to investigate the molecular and genetic mechanisms involved in the occurrence of gender identity.  },  
Keywords = {Gender dysphoria, Gender reassignment, Mutation, Polymorphism, Sequencing, Transgender  },
volume = {32},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {11-23}, 
publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization},
url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1736-en.html},  
eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1736-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine},  
issn = {1027-1457}, 
eissn = {2383-0034}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Didehdar, Sosan and Honarparvaran, Nazanin and Sohrabi, Nadereh},  
title = {Modeling Marital Instability Based on Self-Extinction, Hidden Threats With the Mediating Role of Perceived Stress From Violence in Women Affected by Domestic Violence in Fasa City, Iran}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Marital instability may be influenced by self-silencing and covert threats, with perceived stress potentially mediating these associations. The present study aimed to develop a structural model of marital instability based on self-silencing and covert threats, with the mediating role of perceived stress, among women affected by domestic violence in Fasa city, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The statistical population comprised all women affected by domestic violence during 2025–2026 (1404–1405), totaling 1,329 individuals. Based on Kline’s (2023) recommendation that at least 10 participants per free parameter or a minimum sample size of 200 is required to obtain stable parameter estimates, a sample of 440 women aged 20–45 years was selected through convenience sampling. Participants completed the Domestic Violence Against Women Questionnaire (Mohseni Tabrizi et al., 2012), Marital Instability Index (Booth et al., 1987), Silencing the Self Scale (Jack, 1991), Relational Aggression in Couples Scale (Nelson & Carroll, 2006), and Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983). Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24. Results: The findings indicated that self-silencing (β=0.602, P<0.0001), covert threats (β=0.687, P<0.0001), and perceived stress (β=0.243, P<0.0001) had significant direct effects on marital instability. Moreover, self-silencing (β=0.343, P=0.004) and covert threats (β=0.432, P<0.0001) had significant direct effects on perceived stress. Furthermore, self-silencing (β=0.265, P<0.0001) and covert threats (β=0.154, P<0.0001) had significant indirect effects on marital instability through perceived stress. Conclusion: The findings suggest that self-silencing and covert threats contribute to greater marital instability among women affected by domestic violence, partly by increasing perceived stress.},  
Keywords = {Marital Instability, Self-silencing, Threat, Psychological stress, Domestic violence},
volume = {32},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {24-37}, 
publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization},
url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1741-en.html},  
eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1741-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine},  
issn = {1027-1457}, 
eissn = {2383-0034}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ranjbar, Mohammad and Rezaei, Ali Mohammad and Rezaeifard, Akbar},  
title = {A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on Enhancing Resilience and Cognitive Flexibility in Adolescents With a History of Suicide Attempt in Shiraz, Iran}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Resilience and cognitive flexibility in adolescents with a history of suicide attempts are considered important challenges in mental health. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in enhancing resilience and cognitive flexibility among adolescents with a history of suicide attempts in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: The present study employed a randomized controlled trial with a pretest–posttest, control-group, and two-month follow-up design. The sample consisted of 60 adolescents aged 13–18 years with a history of suicide attempts, who were randomly assigned to three groups of 20 participants each: two experimental groups and one control group. Participants completed the Connor and Davidson (2003) Resilience Scale and the Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Inventory at three assessment points. The experimental groups received either Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT) or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) over eight 2-hour sessions, whereas the control group was placed on a waiting list. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS software. Results: The findings indicated that both Mentalization-Based Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy were effective in increasing the dimensions of resilience and cognitive flexibility among adolescents with a history of suicide attempts (P< 0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference between the effectiveness of the two treatments (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Both Mentalization-Based Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy are effective and applicable approaches for improving psychological adjustment in high-risk adolescents and may be used as equivalent therapeutic interventions.},  
Keywords = {Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Psychological Resilience, Cognitive Flexibility, Suicidal Behavior},
volume = {32},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {38-53}, 
publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization},
url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1739-en.html},  
eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1739-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine},  
issn = {1027-1457}, 
eissn = {2383-0034}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shafiei, Mehdi and Ziaei, Omi},  
title = {Frequency of Paresthesia After Unilateral Unilevel Lumbar Discectomy}, 
abstract ={Introduction: This study aimed to determine the Frequency of paresthesia after surgery separately from other post-operation complications. Methods: The present study is descriptive cross-sectional research. The patients with paresthesia complaints after surgery after 1 year follow up were identified based on the clinical signs and physical examinations. The checklist prepared was completed by all patients and compared among patients with paresthesia and without paresthesia. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: 115 people were studied by the census. Among 13 patients with new paresthesia, seven patients (53.8%) were female. The mean age of these patients was 48.23±11.62, and 61.5% were operated in the prone position. The mean pain (VAS) of patients before surgery was 8.76±1.16 and the mean pain of patients after surgery was 3.07 ±2.06. Post-operation pain was reduced compared to pre-operation and there was a significant difference (P=0.048). Moreover, the mean ODI score before surgery was 35.50± 12.99, and the ODI score at 1 year after surgery was 11.25± 1.48. Post-operation ODI score was reduced compared to pre-operation, and there was a significant difference (P=0.039). Conclusion: The findings of this research showed that postoperative paresthesia is less common than in previous studies and is linked to the length of radiculopathy, the presence of DM and the mean of the age. Furthermore, the patients reported pain alleviation in the prone and knee-chest postures following lumbar discectomy.},  
Keywords = {Paresthesia, Lumbar disc herniation, Lumbar discectomy},
volume = {32},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {54-62}, 
publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization},
url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1534-en.html},  
eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1534-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine},  
issn = {1027-1457}, 
eissn = {2383-0034}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Faghani, Fariba and Kazemi, Nahid and Riazi, Ali and Abbasi, Roji},  
title = {The Effectiveness of Group Hope Therapy on Hope and Resilience of Patients With Brain Tumor}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Most of the researches related to life expectancy are about cancer patients, because this disease is considered as a threat to hope. Therefore, dealing with a type of psychotherapy that makes hope the main goal was important for cancer patients. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of group hope therapy on resilience and life expectancy in teenagers with brain tumors. Methods: The present study was of a descriptive type before and after the intervention. The statistical population includes all teenagers diagnosed with brain tumor who underwent surgery between 2019 and 2020. Adolescents participating in the research were divided into case and control groups and at the end the results of the two groups were compared. Results: The results of the study showed that the group of adolescents suffering from brain tumor who underwent hope therapy group training, compared to the adolescents who did not undergo training, obtained more fruitful results in terms of resilience and life expectancy, and these variables were significantly improved. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that before and after surgery, adolescents and their families receive psychological support and psychological treatment methods.},  
Keywords = {Quality of life, Life expectancy, Resilience, Group hope Therapy, Brain tumor},
volume = {32},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {63-70}, 
publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization},
url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1640-en.html},  
eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1640-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine},  
issn = {1027-1457}, 
eissn = {2383-0034}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abdollahi, Rez},  
title = {When Silence can be Slippery: The Ethical Dangers of Tacit Consent in Modern Medicine}, 
abstract ={-  },  
Keywords = {Moral hazards,implied consent,modern medicine},
volume = {32},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {71-72}, 
publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization},
url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1681-en.html},  
eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1681-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine},  
issn = {1027-1457}, 
eissn = {2383-0034}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Iravani, Omid and Firozbakht, Mansour and Sharifi, Ebrahim},  
title = {Predictability, Preventability, and Professional Responsibility: A Triadic Framework for the Assessment of Medical Malpractic}, 
abstract ={No abstract is available.},  
Keywords = {Medical malpractice,Predictability,Preventability,Professional liability,Result of medical action,Complication of medical action},
volume = {32},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {73-74}, 
publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization},
url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1709-en.html},  
eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1709-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine},  
issn = {1027-1457}, 
eissn = {2383-0034}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {IRAVANI, Omid and Firozbakht, Mansour},  
title = {The Necessity of Developing a Standard Clinical Guideline for Assessing Orthopedic Malpractice Cases}, 
abstract ={This article does not have any abstract.},  
Keywords = {Orthopedic Medical Malpractice,Medical Negligence,Standardized Assessment},
volume = {32},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {0-0}, 
publisher = {Iranian Legal Medicine Organization},
url = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1733-en.html},  
eprint = {http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1733-en.docx},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine},  
issn = {1027-1457}, 
eissn = {2383-0034}, 
year = {2026}  
}