2026-10-15T21:04:16+03:30 http://sjfm.ir/browse.php?mag_id=41&slc_lang=fa&sid=1

41-751 2026-10-15 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2016 21 4 Arash Salari Mostafa Alikhani Alireza Alikhani M.alikhani18@yahoo.com Ali Zakiei Teymour Jamshidi Vahid Farnia Background: Nowadays addiction to drug abuse and dependency is one of the most psychosocial and public health challenge in the world that increasing every day and lead to disablement and a lot of mortality. It is additionally imposition abundant financial burden on person and families so have more financial burden and moral influence in community. According to this, the current investigation with aimed to survey register death in Kermanshah forensic pathology due to drug abuse from 2012 to 2013 was performed. Methods: Research design was descriptive analytic study. Community and sampling of study involved total of register death due to drug abuse in Kermanshah forensic pathology by years2012-2013. Method of collection data was based on fulfillment questionnaire from available information in archived files and using reports from body autopsy and tests was enclosed in folders. Ultimately, analysis of gathered data was done with statistical software SPSS ver. 19 and  extraction descriptive statistic index such as frequency , mean , standard deviation and chi square was done based on statistical test. Findings: The findings demonstrated number of deceased in drug abuse induced deaths that totally was 201 <193 was male (96%) and 8 female (4%)>. Aged 30-44 years had higher rate in other age group (90 person) 44/8%, a lot of them unmarried (126 person) 62/7% and had elementary education level (74 person) 36/8%, most of deceased were out of works (92 person) 45/8%.the most common method of injecting of drug was 92(45.8%) and most of the opium and opium and sap has been 93(46.3%) and 60(29.9%) were heroin and crack. Result of laboratory and autopsy finding demonstrate high score in MI ( 32 person) 15/9% , pulmonary TB ( 29 person) 14/4%  and unknown ( 86  person)42/8%.  Based on result significant difference exist between 2012 years by 2013 (p< 0/01) in consumption of heroin and crack of heroin, methamphetamine, ice &crystal and methadone. Conclusion: It is recommended to also check the statistics in other cities in order to reach a total pluralization of mortality in the country for and regarding to in determinate autopsy of much body’s. It is recommended to consider this point in future researches. Addiction Drug Abuse Mortality 2016 2 01 255 262 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-751-en.pdf

41-752 2026-10-15 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2016 21 4 Arya Hedjazi Arya_hedjazi@yahoo.com Hamid Attaran Marzieh Hosseini Nazila Badiyan Mousavi Ali Khademi Background: In recent years the use of bicycle as a light and healthy vehicle is more welcomed. Unfortunately, less attention to the safety terms of this vehicle Leads to high number of deaths among bicyclists. In current study high-risk situations and vulnerable areas during cycling is studied to provide appropriate solution to reduce cycling related accidents. Methods: In this descriptive and analytic study statistics and information on the legal medicine organization of Iran with SPSS software version 20 by t-test and Chi-square test during 2010-2013 were analyzed. Findings: The statistics represents the 526 cycling related deaths during the aforementioned period. On average 188 people have been killed in the bike accident per year .93.5 % of deaths are caused by bicycle collisions with motor vehicles and the main cause of death (91.3%) was head trauma . Conclusion : Current study and the data obtained from similar studies in some other countries shows head area in the cyclists is very susceptible to strike .No doubt the number and severity of injuries decreases by wearing a helmet . Likewise, planning on creating rules and improving cycling related facilities Such as assigning of transportation routes for cycling will be effective in reducing the incidents of cycling. Mortality Cyclist Head Trauma 2016 2 01 263 271 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-752-en.pdf

41-753 2026-10-15 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2016 21 4 Mohammad Kazemian mk35172@gmail.com Mohammad Hosein Mirjalili Mohsen Dang Piyaie Seyyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari Shabnam Bazmi Background: For Implementation of laws and punishment of criminals, including imprisonment, lashing, deportation if guilty have a claim for previous disease, the forensic experts should be asses and declare about it. Wipe punishment as a punishment of the criminal laws of the country in the guilt of consuming alcohol which is trump, enforcement, lesbianism, prostitution, … is considered as the possibility of disease aggravation in during of punishment is another reason for  assessment of guilty pretension be provided by helpful and expert opinion and scientific knowledge for more accurate judges . Methods: The aim of this research project was to investigate the clinical findings, including vital signs, including temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate before and after flogging punishment laboratory findings includes blood sugar, liver and renal function tests, urine analysis, counting blood cell (CBC), and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels.  Evidently, some of the sentenced couldn’t tolerate whiplash punishment because of disease underlying disease or special somatic or psychic situation. Findings: Selected population, include 99 men convicted of carrying out the whip to have been drinking liquor. 11.6 unit increase in blood sugar levels and increase in liver enzymes is imperceptible and no significant change in the parameters of the CBC, and renal function tests compared to tests half an hour before and 24 hours after striking 46 units as well as a significant increase in blood cortisol levels the whip is stressful reaction. There hemoglobinuria in the urinalysis after 24 hours are important and should be considered in patients with kidney disease. Conclusion: in spite of does not exist of any previous research about effect & complication of whip punishment, therefore, results of this research can be very helpful, for accurate and scientific studies  to inform the judges for evaluation the claimed sentences in this study. After and before punishment & to compare change extent in hemodynamic & hormonal factors should be asses  experience of domestic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, liver and kidney diseases, , and documented expertise to provide a more judgment opinion. Whip Punishment Legal Medicine 2016 2 01 273 282 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-753-en.pdf

41-754 2026-10-15 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2016 21 4 Bahram Samadi Rad Arash Babai Ghazani Bina Eftekhar Sadat binasadat@yahoo.com Vida Mamaghani Behnaz Baybourdi Seyyed Kazem Shakuri Ali Ashraf Seif Farshad Maryam Beigom Yasini Background: Peripheral nerve injuries due to trauma are one of the leading causes of disability in the society and could be devastating in occupational and activity daily living functions. Prognosis of these injuries is dependent on the sex, age, trauma location and severity, cause of trauma and its treatment. In order to prevent peripheral nerve injuries’ complications, accurate diagnosis of these injuries and their etiology is very important in society.  Methods: This descriptive- cross sectional study was done from April 2011 up to April 2012 in the forensics organization of East Azerbaijan province and Tabriz medical sciences. In this period all the referring traumatic patients to forensics organization were examined by the physician and if there was any risk of peripheral nerve injury, they were referred to physical medicine and rehabilitation department. Electro diagnostic (EMG/NCV) examination was conducted by the specialist. Findings: In this study, 174 traumatic patient (145 male (83.3%) and 29 female (16.7%)) were studied; in which electro diagnostic examination revealed that in 72 patient (41.4%) (68 male (46.9% of male patients) and 4 female (13.8% of female patients)) had peripheral nerve injuries. 57 patients (32.8%) had peripheral nerve injury in the upper limb and 15 patients (8.6%) had the injury in the lower limb. Cause of traumatic nerve injury was motor vehicle accidents in 83 (47.7%), quarrel in 47 (27%), work related in 41 (23.6%) and iatrogenic in 3 (1.7%) patients. Conclusion:The results of this study showed that most of patients suspected to peripheral nerve injuries due to trauma, actually have nerve lesion. In the other hand some of referral patients didn’t had nerve injury and this could be distinguished by electro diagnostic study. Also most prevalent cause of nerve lesion is due to motor vehicle accidents. Peripheral Nerve Injury Trauma Electro diagnose 2016 2 01 283 290 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-754-en.pdf

41-755 2026-10-15 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2016 21 4 Soheila Sadat Vaghefi Masood Ghadipasha m.ghadipasha@yahoo.com Shahrooz Kazemi Esfeh Amin Reza Ohadi Mohammad Zarenezhad Background: Accidents’ statistics are more than twice average universal and increasing in Iran. This has a bad impact on economic, social and psychological especially for families. This study was done in all of the deceased of traffic accident in the Kerman province during 2007 versus 2013. The purpose of this essay is to determine the pattern of injuries in victims of traffic accidents and its variety in recent years; it also reviews the current situation accident in the country. Methods: This study is descriptive cross sectional study and the pattern of injuries in victims of road accidents referred to Kerman Legal Medicine center compared during 2007 versus 2013 year. Statistical analysis is performed with spss19. Findings: out of 10,588 people died in 2007 in Kerman Province 1,183 people were victims of road accidents versus deceased people (11,537) in 2013, the figure decrease to 904 people. Most accidents each year were related to men. In this regard, in 2007, 937were men (79.2%) and 246 females (20.8%), but this statistics showed that in 2013, 718 cases were men (79.4%) and 186 females (20.6%). Most accidents accrued in May 2007 and it was in spring (n = 372, 31.4%), in 2013 Statistics changed in the summer and months of July (174 cases, 19.2%). Most accidents were in adults age range in 2007 (25-39 years), 326 persons (27.5%).This was the same in the same age group in 2013, but the percentage increased (256 cases, 28.4%).In 2007 the largest number of victims were drivers, 542 persons (45.7%) and there were 367 drivers in 2013 (40.6%) . the most frequent cause of deaths as head injury in 2007 (751 cases, 63.4%) and also a similar pattern was found in 2013. Conclusion: Head injury due to an accident is known the largest public health problem and it is the cause of death and disability in the population of this province. Despite the decrease in number of fatal accidents in 2013, still the dominant population in the age group of adult men and the death rate increased. With regard to examine existing issues it is hope to present immediate solutions to reduce the injuries associated with the accident.  Pattern of Injuries Road Traffic Accident Post Mortem 2016 2 01 291 296 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-755-en.pdf

41-756 2026-10-15 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2016 21 4 Fares Najari shahrooz Kazemi Esfeh Hamid Reza Daneshparvar Zahra Sheikhveisi zsnimaz@gmail.com Background: The punishment is suspended for criminals temporarily or permanently by criminal authorities considering legal mechanisms. In this study we evaluated the frequency of punishment and punishment suspension among referring to Tehran legal medicine center during 2012. Methods: In this retrospective study we evaluated the records referred to Tehran legal medicine center during 2012. The demographic data and forensic medicine reports about punishment suspension and punishment frequency were extracted and analyzed. Findings: 300 records included 285 men (95 %) and 15 women (5 %) with age range between 18-65 years were studied. 95 people (31.7 %) were punished and in 82 (27.3 %) cases the punishment were suspended. Also conditional punishment was consider for 86 people ( 28.7 % )  and  in 37 ( 12.3 % ) of criminals ,the punishment were suspended conditionally. The frequency of punishments were as follow: 37 ( 12.3 % ) whiplash,  254 ( 84.7 % ) prison and both punishments were considered for 8 people( 2.7 % ) .Moreover one person sentenced to other punishments. The cause of punishment suspension in 62 cases ( 20.7 % )  were heart disease, 10 cases ( 3.3 %) renal disease , 67 cases ( 22.3 % ) mental disorders, 2 cases ( 0.7 ) skin disease  and 159 cases  ( 53 % ) other disease . Conclusion: We indicated that a large number of offenders cannot bear the punishment because of medical reasons so, legal medicine representative must supervised the procedure to save the medical rights of sentenced person. Punishment Suspension whiplash Prison Legal Medicine 2016 2 01 297 302 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-756-en.pdf

41-757 2026-10-15 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2016 21 4 Vahid Sabri vahidsabri87@gmail.com Shahram Mohammadkhani Jafar Hasani Asghar Arfaie The relationship between borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder is a complex issue that there are contradictory opinions about that and emotional problems constitutes a main problem of these two forms of the disorder. The purpose of the study was to comparison of emotion regulation problems between patients with borderline personality disorder, bipolar I disorder and normal people. The Method of the research was casual- comparative design and 25 hospitalized patients with borderline personality disorder and 25 hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder selected through convenience sampling at the Razi Psychiatry hospital of Tabriz, then in order to diagnosis of the patients used Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-II (SCID-II) & Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Clinical Version (SCID-CV) and also to assessment of emotion regulation problems used Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) . The data analyzed by ANOVA. The results show that there is a significant difference between two groups in terms of emotion regulation problems. Also, patients with borderline personality disorder gained high scores in difficulty in goal directed behavior, limited access to emotion regulation strategies and difficulty in impulse control subscales than other groups. There is also no difference between patients with BPD and BMD in the absence of emotional clarity, lack of emotional awareness & lack of emotional acceptance subscales, but both groups obtained higher scores than normal people. So, it can be concluded that emotion regulation problems among patients with BPD are more than in patients with BMD.   Borderline Personality Disorder Bipolar Disorder Emotion Regulation 2016 2 01 303 310 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-757-en.pdf

41-758 2026-10-15 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2016 21 4 Abbas Yadollahi Baghlouyi Seyyed Mohammad Azin Reza Omani Samani r.samani@gmail.com Background: Surrogacy is one of the artificial reproductive treatments which has arisen several legal and ethical issues in Iranian society. One of these problems is to select an appropriate title for the related contract, the surrogate and the demanding couple in Persian language. This nomination will involve some legal and ethical dilemmas and which should be precisely discussed and resolved. The authors have tried to present the best suggestion to let this kind of ART work properly and avoid legal and ethical disadvantages of false naming. Findings: From reviewing of different idea, it is finds that legal ethic and medical writer have the different titles and definitions of   this therapy, this contract and the parties of contract.    Conclusion: In this article the titles and definitions have been reviewed and finally the titles of "surrogacy agreement", "surrogate mother" and" genetic parents" is proposed. Surrogacy Surrogate Mother Genetic Parents Fetus 2016 2 01 311 321 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-758-en.pdf

41-759 2026-10-15 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2016 21 4 2016 2 01 322 322