2026-10-18T01:52:42+03:30 http://sjfm.ir/browse.php?mag_id=48&slc_lang=fa&sid=1

48-927 2026-10-18 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2017 23 3 Reza Hajmanouchehri h.manouchehri@yahoo.com Background: Dementia is currently one of the most common diseases of old age. Due to increase of life expectancy and age, the prevalence of the disease had increased. The use of new technology in the early detection of diseases has always been considered by medical experts. On the other hand structural imaging (CT scan and MRI) show changes in brain that recognizing and paying attention to them helps to earlier and better diagnosis. It is obvious that trying to be more understanding of the disease and its symptoms and starting the treat as soon as possible can be effective in promoting community health. Methods: With referring to databases PUBMED, MEDLINE and other authoritative, relevant articles and new articles were searched and then evaluated. Information collected and presented. Conclusion: Although the role of imaging in the diagnosis of dementia is not fundamental, but many changes occur in brain of patients with dementia can be detected in imaging. Some of these lesions, are created even before clinical symptoms; their detection in early diagnosis of disease can be helpful. Dementia CT Scan MRI 2017 12 01 150 159 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-927-en.pdf 10.30699/epub.sjfm.23.3.150

48-924 2026-10-18 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2017 23 3 Zahra Parkhideh Mohammad Reza Abai Kamran Akbarzadeh Yavar Rassi rassiy@tums.ac.ir Sayena Rafizadeh Abstract: Background: Forensic entomology involves the interaction of arthropods (mainly insects) with legal activity. Insects lay eggs on or in human remains, as well as utilize the corpse for food or habitat. Insect development and successional patterns can be an indication of the postmortem interval (PMI) when time of death is unknown. This is the first study on identification of the major taxa of forensic importance insects during two seasons (summer and fall) in southern Iran (city of Kazerun) in 2015. Methods: One calf carcasses were used in each study. The carcass was placed in the site and stages of decomposition were monitored. Five stages of decomposition were diagnosed: Fresh stage, bloated stage, Primary decomposition, Secondary decomposition and Dry stage. Sampling of adult and immature insects were carried out on five stages of decay of carcasses based on the protocol of each season. Finding: Carnivorous, parasite and predator species were collected during the five stages of the decomposition of corpse. Altogether 33 species were identified in the summer and Chrysomiya albiceps was the dominant species. We have observed 38 species of insects with high frequency of Chrysomya megacephala in the fall. Our study showed, the sequence of arthropod colonization on cadavers remains fairly constant at the family level. Conclusion: This study indicated that successional patterns of insect species in different seasonal periods and even at different sites have different sequences and these tips are important in determining PMI. Also successional patterns at the genus and species level are only predictable within the parameters of the location where a cadaver is found. Forensic entomology Succession patterns Kazerun Iran 2017 12 01 160 173 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-924-en.pdf 10.30699/epub.sjfm.23.3.160

48-925 2026-10-18 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2017 23 3 Mehdi Saberi saberi_md@yahoo.com Mahdi Marashi Elham Borji Armindokht Ahmadi Mehdi Forouzesh Background: The purpose of the study was to compare forensic psychiatric setting in Iran with European countries. Methods: First a qualitative study (experience expression) was done, interviewing the forensic psychiatrics. Then to understand the sections of forensic psychiatry department, articles, scientific references and the relevant sites were reviewed. Their work was analyzed using emails and phone calls. Recording data forms that included different services, the way they worked and human resources’ potential in forensic psychiatric system in any of the chosen countries were filled accordingly.              Findings: In most studied European countries, the examination method, treatment, rehabilitation and post discharge care are the same. Observing the patient’s behavior and social interactions is one of the most important diagnostic tools. In Europe, forensic psychiatric activities’ focus is on criminal matters: risk assessment, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal patients. The more executive diagnostic facilities of forensic psychiatry and secure mental hospitals with special deparments are important factors that make significant difference.     Conclusion: Despite the differences that exist in European departments of forensic psychiatry’s activities, similarities are observed in factors such as mental patients’ examination method, diagnostic and treatment facilities, preparing a psychiatric report for the court. The activity of Iranian’s system isn’t functional enough in comparison to European system, due to factors like lack of standardized and secure diagnostic facilities, and limited access to criminal patients and courts. To improve the system, our country should consider some actions such as: establishment of standardized sections in prisons and psychological hospitals, longterm program to establish special hospitals, using common and standard tools of risk assessment and establishment of follow up clinics and nursing (guardian) houses for post discharge care of criminal patients. Forensic Psychiatry Diagnostic Facilities Secure Mental Hospital Europe Iran 2017 12 01 174 189 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-925-en.pdf

48-826 2026-10-18 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2017 23 3 Abbas Aghabiklooei aghabikloo@yahoo.com Zahra Mousavi mosavi50@yahoo.com Shiva Mahdizadeh sh.mzh69@gmail.com Background: Due to prescribing high doses of digoxin for cardiac patients and the importance of its poisoning, this study aimed to survey the correlation between prevalence of digoxin serum level with poisoning symptoms, determining the role of interventional factors such as underlying diseases, electrolyte and metabolic disorders in association with the occurrence of poisoning, determination of the prevalence of cardiac and non-chronic signs of chronic poisoning with digoxin in cardiac patients who receive digoxin. Method: This was a cross sectional study which was conducted on 531 hospitalized patients using. Patient information including cardiac and non-cardiac symptoms, and laboratory findings, especially digoxin serum levels, were extracted from clinical records and analyzed statistically. Findings: Poisoning prevalence with Digoxin in patients were 10% and 97.9% out of 52 patients with Digoxin poisoning, related to Chronic poisoning in patients treated with digoxin and only 2 cases were acute poisoning due to attempted suicide. 60% of patients were females and the mean age of patients was 78±11.3. The mean level of digoxin serum in male and female groups were 2.81±0.13 ng/ml and 2.94±0.07 ng/ml, respectively. There was a significant difference in the mean serum level of patients over 65 and under 65 years old (3.28 ± 0.14 ng/mL and 2.66 ± 0.09 ng/mL respectively). In 62% of patients, renal function enzymes were increased. Subacute renal disease or acute renal failure was the most important cause of digoxin poisoning. Conclusion: The high age and subacute renal disease or acute renal failure are the most important factors in prediction of the occurrence probability of Digoxin poisoning in patients treated with this drug. The risk of poisoning increases up to 2 or 3 times for people over 65 years old. Poisoning Digoxin Cardiac patients 2017 12 01 190 196 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-826-en.pdf 10.30699/epub.sjfm.23.3.190

48-929 2026-10-18 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2017 23 3 Shokoufeh Ramezani Mehdi Froozesh Sajad Basharpour Kamrouz Aminin Fatemeh Salahi Background: First degree murder as a dangerous social phenomenon can threat the safety of society and families. Examination its origins and effective factors can be helpful to prevent the broad prevalence of this destructive phenomenon. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the emotion control and executive functions between criminals and none-criminals. Method: This was a casual-comparative study. The statistical population consists of all first degree murdered criminals habituating in Yasouj prison in 2015-2016. 40 persons among the prisoners, were selected by using available sampling method and 40 persons of normal people participated in the study based on normal matching method. In order to collect data, emotional inhibition and executive functions questionnaire were used. The collected data were analyzed by using multivariable variance analysis test. Findings: The results of multivariable variance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the mean score of emotional inhibition and executive functions in people who committed first degree murder and none-criminals. Conclusion: the present research showed that the criminals who committed first-degree murder acquired higher scores than control group in emotional inhibition and executive functions scales, therefore, it’s necessary to investigate these factors. Through knowing aforesaid factors, criminals’ families and all of related organizations which involved in maintenance and rehabilitation of criminals gain more knowledge and thereby can help criminals in restoring inhibitory ability, cognitive flexibility, self-sustaining, emotional inhibition and accommodative strategies by using educational programs and related mental treatments (individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy and social counseling). Also, in order to prevent committing crimes in society, it seems necessary to begin the related educations to control crime in early ages in schools and educational centers.  Emotion Control Executive Functions Criminals Charged with First Degree Murder None-Criminals 2017 12 01 197 205 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-929-en.pdf

48-928 2026-10-18 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2017 23 3 Mehdi Forouzesh Javad Mirhadi Saeed Mohammadi Drsm1980@gmail.com Hossain Javadi Vasigh khatere Asadi Maryam Tavasoli Maryam Ghaharpour ghatabi Background: Termination of pregnancy aided by therapeutic abortion has been practiced since ancient times with the main goal of preserving mother’s life. Determining legislation relating to therapeutic abortion in each community along with identifying the main factors affecting the issuance of abortion permits is essential. This study aimed to determine main indications for licensing therapeutic abortion by forensic medicine organization in Hormozgan province. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 281 pregnant women who referred to forensic medicine organization in Hormozgan province, from April 2016 to March 2017 for licensing therapeutic abortion (enumeration method). All medical records related to mother or fetus were correctly reviewed and were referred to the university hospitals for further clinical or paraclinical assessments if required. Authenticity of licensing therapeutic abortion was consulted with three specialists. Findings: The license for therapeutic abortion was issued for 77.9%. The most common disorders in mothers requiring abortion were renal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, and hypertension. Also, the main neonatal disorders indicated for abortion were central nervous system disorders (especially anencephaly and microcephaly) and major thalassemia. The main reasons for the lack of licensing included high gestational age (over 19 weeks and 1 day), lack of follow by mothers, lack of patient's name at referral list, disapproval of deformities or malformations, and no likelihood for life-threatening. Conclusion: More than two-third of requests for therapeutic abortion are licensed in forensic medicine organization in Hormozgan province. The main maternal causes for licensing therapeutic abortion are renal disorders, cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer while the most frequent fetal reasons for issuing abortion include central nervous system abnormalities such as anencephaly.    Therapeutic Abortion Neonatal Cause and Mother Cause 2017 12 01 206 214 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-928-en.pdf 10.30699/epub.sjfm.23.3.206

48-926 2026-10-18 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2017 23 3 Hamidreza Daneshparvar hardanesh@yahoo.com Amirhosein Mahdavi Background: One of the most important professional problems for doctors is the dissatisfaction and complaints of patients to the jurisdictions and the consequences in their personal and professional life. These medical errors may occur in different parts of the health care system. This study aimed to investigate failure cases of neurological surgeons referred to the Department of Forensic Medicine Commission in Tehran during a five-year period 2010-2014. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all cases which referred to Forensic Medicine Commission for five years ended in 2014, were evaluated for demographic and specific variables. Findings: The total number of complaints from medical failure from the beginning of 2010 to the end of 2014 is 11370, of which 340 cases (3%) were related to the failure of the medical specialty of neurosurgery. The range of ages was between 1 and 92 years old. Complainant consists of 217 males and 123 females. Neurosurgeons consist of 338 males and 2 females in this 5 year period. The most frequent cause of complaints was the death of the patient after surgery. 127 therapeutic interventions in University centers, 62 therapeutic interventions in governmental non-university centers and 151 therapeutic interventions in private centers were done. Out of 340 complaints cases of neurological surgeons, 255 cases (75%) of nerve surgeons were acquitted and 85 (25%) were condemned. Conclusion: The total number of complaints from neurological surgeons during the years 2010-2014 is increasing. There is a correlation between the frequency of failures of neurogenic surgeons with the sex of the nerve surgeon, and male surgeons have more committed failure than female surgeons, which can be attributed to the presence of a significant number of male neurological surgeons for female in this field as well referring more patients to male neurosurgeons in the country. Medical failure Neurosurgery patient complaints 2017 12 01 215 224 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-926-en.pdf 10.30699/epub.sjfm.23.3.215

48-923 2026-10-18 10.1002

Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine Iran J Forensic Med 1027-1457 2383-0034 2017 23 3 Afrooz Ahmadi Maryam Akhghari Saeed Gholamzadeh Mohammad Zarenezhad zarenezhad@hotmail.com Background: Non-alcoholic fermented beverages and herbal distillates are among the popular beverages in Iran. Therefore their safety is of great issue. Many reports indicate that these beverages are contaminated with ethanol and methanol. There are always questions about alcoholic content of beverages from jurisdiction authorities. The aim of the present study was to analyze some brands of herbal distillates and non-alcoholic fermented beverages available in Iran market to determine ethanol and methanol concentrations. Methods: A total of five brands of non-alcoholic beverages and five brands of herbal distillates were selected. Ten samples from each brand (totally 100 samples) were randomly bought from market. Ethanol and methanol concentrations were determined using headspace gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector. Acetonitrile was applied as internal standard. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Findings: Results of the present study showed that none of the herbal distillates or non-alcoholic beverages contained ethanol and methanol more than maximum allowable limits. However mean ethanol concentration (with ethanol content of 0.59% volume/volume=v/v) was significantly higher in ten samples of one brand of fermented non-alcoholic beverages in comparison to other brands (p<0.05). Mean methanol level was detected in ten samples of one brand of herbal distillates significantly higher than other brands as much as 0.03% v/v (p<0.05). Ethanol concentration in non-alcoholic beverages was in the range of 0-2.2% v/v. In herbal distillates, methanol and ethanol concentrations were in the ranges of 0-0.03% and 0-0.09% v/v respectively.  Conclusion: Ethanol and methanol concentrations were non-toxic in non-alcoholic fermented beverages and herbal distillates. Presence of ethanol and methanol in food stuff above accepted limit has life-threatening consequences so the quality control of herbal products and non-alcoholic beverages is needed for safety and it should be conducted periodically for public health guarantee.  Herbal Distillates Non-alcoholic Beverages Ethanol Methanol Head-space Gas Chromatography Analytical Toxicology 2017 12 01 225 232 http://sjfm.ir/article-1-923-en.pdf 10.30699/epub.sjfm.23.3.225