[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
About the Journal
Aims & Scopes
Editorial Board
Indexing & Abstracting
Archive::
All Issues
Current Issue
For Authors::
Authors' Guide
Reference Guide
Authorship Criteria
Submit an Article
For Reviewers::
Reviewing Policy
Principles of Transparency::
Publication Ethics Statement
Research Ethics Statement
Open Access Statement
Copyright
Contact us::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Licenses

AWT IMAGE

Attribution-NonCommercial
CC BY-NC

AWT IMAGE

Open Access Publishing

AWT IMAGE

Prevent Plagiarism

AWT IMAGE
..
:: Volume 25, Issue 1 (2019) ::
Iran J Forensic Med 2019, 25(1): 65-69 Back to browse issues page
Relationship between Blood Lead Levels with Abdominal Pain in Consumers of Edible Opium
H. Amiri1 , Z. Neghabi1 , A. Aghabiklooei 2
1- Emergency Medicine Departmemt, Medicine Faculty, Iran University of Medical Sciences
2- Legal Medicine Departmemt, Medicine Faculty, Iran University of Medical Sciences , aghabikloo@yahoo.com
Abstract:   (3869 Views)
Aims): Lead is one of the heavy metals that can be a factor of acute or chronic toxicity. Smugglers may add lead to drugs during the production process in order to increase its weight and earning more benefits. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between blood lead levels in consumers of edible opium with abdominal pain.
Instruments & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 122 consumers of edible opium with abdominal pain who referred to the emergency department of the Rasoul Akram, Firoozgar, Haft-e-Tir and Baharlu hospitals in 2016. The subjects were entered in the study by the counting-all method. Demographic information, health condition, and lifestyle of the patients were collected using a questionnaire as well as the blood lead level and blood factors of the subjects were measured. Data were analyzed through SPSS 22 software using independent t-test and Chi-squared test.
Findings: The mean of blood lead levels in patients with abdominal pain was 87.49±32.27μg/. The lead level showed the mild, moderate and acute poisoning respectively in the 29.5%, 39.3% and 27.9% of the patients.
Conclusion: The blood lead level in the consumers of edible opium with abdominal pain is above 25μg/dL which showed the toxicity. Therefore, there is a strong potential for lead poisoning in consumers of edible opium.
Keywords: Opium, Abdominal Pain, Lead, Poisoning
Full-Text [PDF 650 kb]   (1231 Downloads)    
Type of Article: Research Article | Subject: Forensic Toxicology
Received: 2018/07/19 | Revised: 2021/01/30 | Accepted: 2019/04/23 | ePublished: 2019/06/20
English Expanded Abstract [HTML 15 KB]  (77 Download)
References
1. Lustberg M, Silbergeld E. Blood lead levels and mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(21):2443-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1001/archinte.162.21.2443]
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for lead. Atlanta GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1999. [Link]
3. Lin JL, Lin-Tan DT, Hsu KH, Yu CC. Environmental lead exposure and progression of chronic renal diseases in patients without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:277-86. [Link] [DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa021672]
4. Canfield RL, Henderson CR Jr, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(16):1517-26. [Link] [DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa022848]
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Childhood lead poisoning from commercially manufactured French ceramic dinnerware--New York City, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(26):584-6. [Link]
6. Saper RB, Kales SN, Paquin J, Burns MJ, Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, et al. Heavy metal content of ayurvedic herbal medicine products. JAMA. 2004;292(23):2868-73. [Link] [DOI:10.1001/jama.292.23.2868]
7. Roscoe RJ, Ball W, Curran JJ, DeLaurier C, Falken MC, Fitchett R, et al. Adult blood lead epidemiology and surveillance--United States, 1998-2001. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2002;51(11):1-10. [Link]
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult blood lead epidemiology and surveillance--United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(26):578-82. [Link]
9. Momtazi S. Family and drug abuse. Zanjan: Mahdis; 2003. pp. 1-5. [Persian] [Link]
10. Antonini G, Palmieri G, Millefiorini E, Spagnoli LG, Millefiorini M. Lead poisoning during heroin addiction. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1989;10(1):105-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/BF02333882]
11. Aghaee Afshar M, Khazaeli P, Behnam B, Rezazadehkermani M, Ashraf Ganjooei N. Presence of lead in opium. Arch Iran Med. 2008;11(5):553-4. [Link]
12. Morgan BW, Barnes L, Parramore CS, Kaufmann RB. Elevated blood lead levels associated with the consumption of moonshine among emergency department patients in Atlanta, Georgia. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42(3):351-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0196-0644(03)00491-8]
13. Wolf C, Binder R, Barth A, Konnaris C, Rüdiger HW. Chronic anemia and abdominal pain as a sequela of lead poisoning. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 2001;126(19):556-8. [German] [Link] [DOI:10.1055/s-2001-13806]
14. Dequanter D, Lefebvre JC, Takieddine M, Belva P, Vaneukem P. An acute pseudo-cholecystitis. Revue Médicale de Bruxelles. 2001;22(5):439-41. [French] [Link]
15. Anderson NR, Gama R, Kapadia S. Herbal remedy poisoning presenting with acute abdomen and raised urine porphyrins. Ann Clin Biochem. 2001;38(Pt 4):408-10. [Link] [DOI:10.1258/0004563011900759]
16. Beattie AD, Briggs JD, Canavan JS, Doyle D, Mullin PJ, Watson AA. Acute lead poisoning: Five cases resulting from self-injection of lead and opium. Q J Med. 1975;44(174):275-84. [Link]
17. Masoodi M, Zali MR, Ehsani Ardakani MJ, Mohammad Alizadeh AH, Aiassofi K, Aghazadeh R, et al. Abdominal pain due to lead-contaminated opium: A new source of inorganic lead poisoning in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2006;9(1):72-5. [Link]
18. Lockitch G. Perspectives on lead toxicity. Clin Biochem. 1993;26(5):371-81. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/0009-9120(93)90113-K]
19. Tandon SK, Chatterjee M, Bhargava A, Shukla V, Bihari V. Lead poisoning in Indian silver refiners. Sci Total Environ. 2001;281(1-3):177-82. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00845-2]
20. Choy KD, Lee HS, Tan CH. Blood lead monitoring in a decorative ceramic tiles factory in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 2004;45(4):176-9. [Link]
21. Shiri R, Ansari M, Ranta M, Falah Hassani K. Lead poisoning and recurrent abdominal pain. Ind Health. 2007;45(3):494-6. [Link] [DOI:10.2486/indhealth.45.494]
22. Fatemi SR, Jafarzadeh F, Maserrat E, Zali MR. Report of very severe lead poisoning in inhaled and oral drug addicts. J Med Counc Iran. 2009;27(1):117-20. [Persian] [Link]
23. Salehi H, Sayadi AR, Zare R, Soltanpour N, Hoseinpor A. Comparison of serum lead level in oral opium dependent men with healthy control group. Med J Mashad Univ Med Sci. 2009;52(3):129-32. [Persian] [Link]
Send email to the article author

XML   Persian Abstract   Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Amiri H, Neghabi Z, Aghabiklooei A. Relationship between Blood Lead Levels with Abdominal Pain in Consumers of Edible Opium. Iran J Forensic Med 2019; 25 (1) :65-69
URL: http://sjfm.ir/article-1-965-en.html
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 25, Issue 1 (2019) Back to browse issues page
مجله پزشکی قانونی ایران Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.06 seconds with 38 queries by YEKTAWEB 4645